What are the best isometric exercises of muscle potentiation?

Skurvydas, Albertas; Jurgelaitienė, Giedrė; Kamandulis, Sigitas; Mickevičienė, Dalia; Brazaitis, Marius; Valančiene, Dovilė; Karanauskienė, Diana; Mickevičius, Mantas; Mamkus, Gediminas

doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04092-y

Cited by 21 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Furthermore, given that only seconds or a few minutes are needed to recover from a short bout of maximal-effort exercise (e.g., less than 1 min for recovery from a maximal squat or bench press lifts or high-intensity cycle ergometer exercise; Hitchcock, 1989; Weir et al, 1994; Matuszak et al, 2003) it is unlikely that a prolonged and substantial fatigue response could act for up to, e.g., 8 min after short-duration conditioning activities, especially given the low volume of activity used in most studies of PAPE. Of course, this does not preclude a role for fatigue when the amount of muscle work is much higher (Vandervoort et al, 1983; Hamada et al, 2003; Xenofondos et al, 2018; Skurvydas et al, 2019). However, it is also likely that other physiological changes augment voluntary muscle function at the time points where PAPE has been observed (i.e., they follow the appropriate time course), such as increases in muscle temperature or coordination (learning or motivational effects), or improvements in muscle function through non-MRLC mechanisms such as intracellular water accumulation.…”

Section: Factors Differentially Influencing Post-activation Potentiatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-activation Potentiation Versus Post-activation Performance Enhancement in Humans: Historical Perspective, Underlying Mechanisms, and Current Issues

Blazevich¹,

2019

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Post-activation potentiation (PAP) is a well-described phenomenon with a short half-life (~28 s) that enhances muscle force production at submaximal levels of calcium saturation (i.e., submaximal levels of muscle activation). It has been largely explained by an increased myosin light chain phosphorylation occurring in type II muscle fibers, and its effects have been quantified in humans by measuring muscle twitch force responses to a bout of muscular activity. However, enhancements in (sometimes maximal) voluntary force production detected several minutes after high-intensity muscle contractions are also observed, which are also most prominent in muscles with a high proportion of type II fibers. This effect has been considered to reflect PAP. Nonetheless, the time course of myosin light chain phosphorylation (underpinning “classic” PAP) rarely matches that of voluntary force enhancement and, unlike PAP, changes in muscle temperature, muscle/cellular water content, and muscle activation may at least partly underpin voluntary force enhancement; this enhancement has thus recently been called post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) to distinguish it from “classical” PAP. In fact, since PAPE is often undetectable at time points where PAP is maximal (or substantial), some researchers have questioned whether PAP contributes to PAPE under most conditions in vivo in humans. Equally, minimal evidence has been presented that PAP is of significant practical importance in cases where multiple physiological processes have already been upregulated by a preceding, comprehensive, active muscle warm-up. Given that confusion exists with respect to the mechanisms leading to acute enhancement of both electrically evoked (twitch force; PAP) and voluntary (PAPE) muscle function in humans after acute muscle activity, the first purpose of the present narrative review is to recount the history of PAP/PAPE research to locate definitions and determine whether they are the same phenomena. To further investigate the possibility of these phenomena being distinct as well as to better understand their potential functional benefits, possible mechanisms underpinning their effects will be examined in detail. Finally, research design issues will be addressed which might contribute to confusion relating to PAP/PAPE effects, before the contexts in which these phenomena may (or may not) benefit voluntary muscle function are considered.

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Section: Factors Differentially Influencing Post-activation Potentiatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-activation Potentiation Versus Post-activation Performance Enhancement in Humans: Historical Perspective, Underlying Mechanisms, and Current Issues

Blazevich¹,

2019

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“…This applies from the most widely used such as the squat [14,15] and ballistic [13] exercises. For instance, new approaches have been demonstrated to be effective CAs for PAPE, including different eccentric overloads [12,[22][23][24], elastic bands [25,26], and blood flow restriction [27], which further expands the possibilities from classic approaches [28]. Meanwhile, the timing for implementation of the CAs (i.e.…”

Section: Pape Factors and Their Moderatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-activation performance enhancement strategies in sport: a brief review for practitioners

Boullosa¹

2021

Hum Mov.

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In this review, we will present and critically discuss how different conditioning exercises can be implemented in training, testing, and competition for the enhancement of performances in different sports, via post-activation performance enhancement and other delayed potentiation responses. The potentiation approaches described here include warming up, testing and monitoring, re-warm-up and priming strategies, and complex training. The post-activation performance enhancement responses can be best described following the new taxonomy, which allows the identification of the best strategies in every specific sport setting. This requires identifying the post-activation performance enhancement factors, which are the condi tioning activity, the verification test, the population of athletes; and potential moderators (i.e. exercise type and loading, timing; recovery interval, target exercise, performance parameter; training background, age, and sex). The inherent limitations to these approaches, including the gaps in literature requiring further studies, may be overcome in practice by using individualized approaches.

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“…at ~ 60-70% of participants' perceived maximum effort. The last repetition corresponded to a 5-s MVIC to promote post-activation potentiation [21]. A rest period of 4 min was allowed between the completion of warm up and testing procedures.…”

Section: Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Muscle Fatigue Following Isokinetic Muscle Contractions

Gomes

Santos

Correia

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Muscle fatigue is a limiting factor of human performance. It is unclear whether sex-based differences in fatigability exist during dynamic exercise of varying velocities of contraction. We aimed at exploring sex differences in muscle fatigue elicited by maximal isokinetic muscle contractions performed at different angular velocities. Twenty-six healthy participants (13 men: 23.2 ± 1.5; 13 women: 21.9 ± 3.0 years) were tested for knee-extension at slow, moderate and fast angular velocity (60, 180 and 300º.s-1, respectively). The impact of sex on fatigue resistance and consecutive recovery for each isokinetic condition was explored by calculating the percent change in maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and in rate of torque development (RTD), from pre- to post-isokinetic exercise. The isokinetic fatigue index was also determined. No sex differences were obtained in response to isokinetic contractions completed at 60º.s-1. After performing muscle contractions at 300º.s-1, women had a significantly greater loss in MVIC than men (-18.4 ± 5.5 vs. -12.9 ± 3.8%; p = 0.009) and larger decreases in work output during isokinetic exercise (-34.2 ± 8.9 vs -27.5 ± 10.6 %; p = 0.017). Recovery of initial MVIC strength was greater for women post-exercise at 180º.s-1 (6.7 ± 9.5 vs. 15.6 ± 4.1%; p = 0.003). No differences were found between sexes in any condition for RTD from pre- to post- fatigue. These results suggest the presence of a sexually dimorphic fatigability in response to dynamic (isokinetic) contractions favouring men at higher velocities of contraction.

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What are the best isometric exercises of muscle potentiation?

Cited by 21 publications

References 41 publications

Post-activation Potentiation Versus Post-activation Performance Enhancement in Humans: Historical Perspective, Underlying Mechanisms, and Current Issues

Post-activation Potentiation Versus Post-activation Performance Enhancement in Humans: Historical Perspective, Underlying Mechanisms, and Current Issues

Post-activation performance enhancement strategies in sport: a brief review for practitioners

Sex Differences in Muscle Fatigue Following Isokinetic Muscle Contractions

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