“…Therefore, vocational education must be relevant to the real needs of workers (Khampirat et al, 2019) in preparing students to enter the workforce (Amilda et al, 2023;Hansen et al, 2022;Rohr-Mentele & Forster-Heinzer, 2021). Vocational education with competency-based learning focuses on achieving student work competencies (Misbah et al, 2020;Oroh et al, 2018;Ralf et al, 2020). Skills are not only learned in a formal school context, but also in authentic work settings (Littke & Thang, 2015).…”