What Are the Drivers of Child Marriage? A Conceptual Framework to Guide Policies and Programs

Psaki, Stephanie; Melnikas, Andrea J.; Haque, Eashita; Saul, Grace; Misunas, Christina; Patel, Sangram Kishor; Ngô, Thoại D.; Amin, Sajeda

doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.09.001

Cited by 80 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Research has identified multiple drivers that interact to place a child at risk of child marriage. Generally, these drivers fall into three broad themes that are perceived to be relatively consistent across contexts: (1) poverty, including child marriage to strengthen social ties for economic gain and access to markets/resources, (2) cultural perceptions of safety and honor, including a belief that for girls it offers protection from sexual assault, premarital sex, and unintended pregnancy, and (3) unequal gender norms that constrain opportunities of girls and women, including a tradition of early marriage for girls and marriage and family responsibilities as central to the lives of girls and women (Cherri, Cuesta, Rodriguez-Llanes, & Guha-Sapir, 2017;Lee-Rife, Malhotra, Warner, & Glinski, 2012;Psaki et al, 2021;Sieverding, Krafft, Berri, & Keo, 2020). In relation to poverty, educating and feeding girls who may leave and not contribute to the household may also be seen as a burden.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conflict and Girl Child Marriage: Global Evidence

Krafft¹,

Arango²,

Rubin³

et al. 2022

Policy Research Working Papers

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The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conflict and Girl Child Marriage: Global Evidence

Krafft¹,

Arango²,

Rubin³

et al. 2022

Policy Research Working Papers

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Regarding the child marriage, this is linked to a number of health risks and low educational attainment. Poverty and social norms are considered core drivers of child marriage in LMICs [92]. These findings reinforce the need for social protection and the implementation of multifaceted programmes to combat household FI [93].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Coping Strategies for Household Food Insecurity, and Perceived Health in an Urban Community in Southern Mozambique: A Qualitative Study

et al. 2022

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In low- and middle-income countries, food insecurity (FI) is a living reality for many households, particularly among the most vulnerable groups. The burden of household FI in Mozambique and how FI and coping strategies relate to perceived health are unknown. This study investigated the lived experiences and coping strategies of food-insecure households, along with their perceived health. Altogether, 16 in-depth interviews were performed, audio-recorded, and transcribed verbatim. A qualitative content analysis was carried out and five themes emerged: lived experiences of FI, coping strategies used in situations of FI, food choices, climate change and food security, and FI and perceived health. A wide range of lived experiences and coping strategies were reported, including cooking whatever is available, skipping meals, receiving money or food from friends and relatives, eating unsafe and low-quality foods, taking on additional work, cooking least-preferred foods, and having a monotonous and less-nutritious diet. Furthermore, the participants reported emotional distress, anxiety and depression, substance use, and other negative health outcomes. Some had diagnoses of hypertension, diabetes or HIV/AIDS. The findings suggest the need for employment creation and women’s empowerment, as well as the implementation of appropriate policies and programmes to alleviate household FI.

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“…This may be a result of wealthier relatives taking in children to stay with them, and therefore, they end up doing domestic work in the household. On the other hand, the analysis confirms poverty as a driver of CDWs since most married children were in much poorer households [ 36 ]. The study also shows that more CDWs were living with non-relatives, and for those who had a parent in the household, it was likely to be a mother.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Are Child Domestic Workers Worse Off than Their Peers? Comparing Children in Domestic Work, Child Marriage, and Kinship Care with Biological Children of Household Heads: Evidence from Zimbabwe

Musizvingoza

Blagbrough²,

Pocock

2022

IJERPH

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Child domestic work is a hidden form of child labour driven by poverty and social norms. However, little is known about the situations of child domestic workers. This study aims to describe and analyse gender-specific working conditions, health, and educational outcomes among hidden child domestic workers (CDWs) living in third-party homes relative to married children, biological children, and other children in kinship care. Data from the 2019 Zimbabwe Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) were analysed. Descriptive statistics and bivariable logistic regression were used to describe frequency and estimated prevalence. Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) were used to identify exposures and inform the selection of covariates. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the effect of each exposure variable. The prevalence of CDWs was 1.5% and CDWs were mainly girls and living in much wealthier households with more educated household heads while married girls were living in much poorer households. When compared among girls themselves, being a CDW was significantly associated with having a functional disability, while married girls were more frequently engaged in hazardous working conditions. We provide the first intersectional analysis comparing work, violence, and health outcomes among CDWs, married children and other children. Child protection measures are needed to safeguard children in domestic work and marriages.

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What Are the Drivers of Child Marriage? A Conceptual Framework to Guide Policies and Programs

Cited by 80 publications

References 32 publications

Conflict and Girl Child Marriage: Global Evidence

Conflict and Girl Child Marriage: Global Evidence

Coping Strategies for Household Food Insecurity, and Perceived Health in an Urban Community in Southern Mozambique: A Qualitative Study

Are Child Domestic Workers Worse Off than Their Peers? Comparing Children in Domestic Work, Child Marriage, and Kinship Care with Biological Children of Household Heads: Evidence from Zimbabwe

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