What are the potential biomarkers that should be considered in diagnosing and managing canine chronic inflammatory enteropathies?

Abstract

Chronic inflammatory enteropathies in dogs are characterized by persistent or recurrent gastrointestinal signs that lastfor more than 3 weeks. Despite unclear etiopathogenesis, it is considered that a genetic predisposition associated withenvironmental factors, such as dietary antigens and intestinal microbiota, might induce an abnormal immune responsein the host. The diagnosis of this condition requires full investigation in order to exclude all other possible causes. Currently, the observation of clinical signs associated with histopathologic evaluation and systematic therapeutic trials is the gold standard for the diagnosis of chronic enteropathies. Furthermore, diagnosis, monitoring the disease progression, and treatment response evaluation can be exhausting, since this whole process is time-consuming, costly, and partially invasive. Therefore, biomarkers appear as non-invasive tools, which can be useful in evaluating gastrointestinal function, identifying the presence of the disease and assessing its natural progression, monitoring gastrointestinal inflammation, predicting response to treatment, and clinical outcomes. Over the past decade, several studies were conducted in order to explore the clinical utility of biomarkers. Thus, the aim of this dissertation is to provide an overview of the biomarkers considered relevant in the diagnosis and management of dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathies. The biomarkers addressed in this study may be serological, present in urine and feces, or even tissue-derived. This study argues that biomarkers, in particular calprotectin and calgranulin C, have great potential to be used in clinical practice in the diagnosis and management of affected dogs. However, a single biomarker cannot assuredly predict disease severity, progression, response to treatment, and clinical outcomes. Therefore, in order to achieve greater accuracy, it would be beneficial if these tools are used in conjunction with contemporary ones. Future research is needed with the aim to better determine the usefulness of these tools in chronic inflammatory enteropathies in dogs.

Gut Microbiome Signatures of Yorkshire Terrier Enteropathy during Disease and Remission

“…The failure of clinical markers to predict signs of disease with the integration of all parameters in a principal component analysis confirmed how challenging the diagnosis of canine IBD is-as shown before in humans (Estruch et al, 2020; Sacoor et al, 2020). In addition, there is currently no cure for IBD, and significant percent of patients do not respond to medical therapy (Kopper et al, 2021).…”

Morphological Assessment and Biomarkers of Low-Grade, Chronic Intestinal Inflammation in Production Animals

“…Such a relation is explored in human health to assess the cytotoxic effects of chemo- and radiotherapy on the gut mucosa, which result in mucositis [ 172 , 173 , 174 , 175 ]. Citrulline circulating levels have also responded to intestinal cytotoxicity in dogs and rats, but this is still controversial in these species [ 176 , 177 , 178 , 179 ]. In swine, the concentration in plasma was reduced in animals with chemically induced enteritis [ 126 ], but no other report was found to insure the reliability of citrulline as a biomarker of intestinal damage in pigs.…”

Contemporary approaches to assessment of the body's condition of dogs with gastrointestinal pathologies based on the intensity of the inflammato-ry process and the level of endogenous intoxication

“…The cause of the development of endogenous intoxication can be cytolytic processes, impaired detoxification mechanisms, impaired barrier functions in the body, etc (Umanskij et al, 1991;Uzbekov & Misionzhnik, 2000;Allenspach et al, 2019;Sacoor et al, 2021). Transaminases, in particular AST and ALT, are considered markers of cytological processes, as well as endotoxicosis (Umanskij et al, 1991).…”