What Can Multiple Phylogenies Say About the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient? A New Look at the Tropical Conservatism, Out of the Tropics, and Diversification Rate Hypotheses

Large-scale phylogenetic analyses reveal the causes of high tropical amphibian diversity

“…Climatic-niche rates were previously shown to affect diversification rates in plethodontid salamanders [10], but this pattern may not be widespread across amphibians or the lack of a strong effect here may be caused by our use of a single PC axis to describe climatic niches both across and within tropical and temperate regions. Some recent studies have found a strong time-forspeciation effect on regional richness and no evidence of latitudinal variation in diversification rates [13,16,17,22]. However, the amphibian groups (Hylidae and Ranoidea) showing this pattern are relatively young and may have invaded temperate regions too recently to be impacted by higher temperate extinction.…”

“…temperature, ecosystem energy) but such factors can only affect species richness by influencing rates and patterns of speciation, extinction and dispersal, including the timing of the first successful colonization of a region [7]. Thus, these ecological factors may be associated with changing rates of diversification (speciation and extinction; [8][9][10][11][12]), limitations on dispersal among regions [13][14][15], or differences in the timing of colonization of different regions and subsequent time-for-speciation and accumulation of richness [13,[16][17][18]. These processes of speciation, extinction and dispersal can be estimated most & 2013 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society.…”

“…Second, previous studies have not examined the role of all three processes in generating richness patterns. For example, some have shown latitudinal gradients in diversification rates but did not untangle speciation and extinction [8,16,21,25], did not address how ecological factors influence rates [9,19,26], or did not consider the roles of time and dispersal between regions [8,9,19]. Overall, these studies were limited mostly by the data (e.g.…”

Revision of the Afrotropical species of Pristomerus (Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae), with descriptions of 31 new species

“…Most of the biodiversity in the tree of life evolved in the tropics and diversified later into temperate latitudes (Jansson et al 2013). The genus Pristomerus Curtis, 1836 is no exception, with Townes (1971) already stating that its diversity peaks in the tropics.…”

Revisão taxonômica, filogenia e evolução do nicho ecológico de Tynanthus Miers (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae)

“…Despite the great breath of studies on niche evolution, the exact role of niche conservatism and niche overdispersion remains to be determined. A better understanding of the level of lability of ecological features is critical for a clearer understanding of community structure (e.g., Stephens & Wiens 2009;Vamosi et al 2009), and species distribution patterns in tropical vs. temperate regions (e.g., Buckley et al 2010;Hawkins et al 2011;Jansson et al 2013), as well as allows for a better evaluation of species' persistence under climate change (e.g., Wiens et al 2009;Maiorano et al 2013), and biological invasions (e.g., Petitpierre et al 2012;Broennimann et al 2014), among others (reviewed by Wiens et al 2010;Peterson 2011 We then conducted a multivariate comparison between all species pairs. In those comparisons, niche overlap between taxa was quantified using the PCA-env technique proposed by Broennnimann et al (2012), in R. For those analyses, the first two axes of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) calibrated on the entire climatic space of the study area, including species occurrences, were considered .…”