What Caused the High Radiation Levels in Plio-Quaternary Volcanic and Pyroclastic Rocks Used as Building Raw Materials in Isparta Volcanic Field, SW Turkey?

Abstract

Available natural radioactivity (40 K, 238 U, 232 Th) measurements on Plio-Quaternary volcanic and pyroclastic rocks, which are usually used as building raw materials, from the Isparta region of SW Turkey, released that their radium equivalent activity values are close to the internationally accepted upper limits and a potential radiation risk. In this study, the relationship between their magma and source characteristics has been investigated to reveal the reason of the high radiation values in these volcanic materials carrying value by more than three times the equivalent materials in Turkey. Recent volcanological studies have shown that potassic-ultrapotassic magmas governed the genesis of the Isparta volcanism. Potassium-rich characters and elevated concentrations of radiogenic (e.g.,Th and U) and total rare earth elements (∑REE) are their most diagnostic features. These characteristics are also similar to some mantle-derived carbonatites (e.g., Norwage and Kenya) with high radiation levels. To support this, recent investigations also revealed that the origin of Isparta potassic volcanism is associated with a common and enriched mantle source, which were interacted with carbonatite melts. Accordingly, carbonatitic melts left their geochemical imprints into their mantle sources, and partial melting of this mantle source produced K, REE, Th, and U-rich volcanic materials with high radiation levels in the region. These results indicate that the carbonatite-influenced mantle source were played a key role for not only enrichments in distinct elements (e.g., Th, U and REE) but also high radioactivity levels in Isparta volcanic and pyroclastic rocks. In this study, attention is drawn to the fact that a potential risk of high radiation in volcanic and pyroclastic rocks used as building raw materials can be expected for a given volcanic region, which include potassic magma derived from a carbonatitemodified mantle source.

An Approach to Determine of the Formation Stages of Volcanism Using Natural Gamma-Ray Spectrometer from Geophysical Methods (Example of Gölcük Volcanism)

“…[36] divided the volcanic activity in the region into two phases; (i) Lamprophyry, basaltic trachyandesitic, trachyandesitic and trachytic lava outcrops represented by Pliocene volcanic activity, and (ii) Pleistocene eruption that started with a big eruption forming the caldera. According to [62], the evolution and dating of the Isparta volcanism: (i) formation of lamprophyric dykes (6.21±0.3my), (ii) trachyandesitictrachytic (4.6 ± 0.23-4.25 ± 0.21my), (iii) development of basaltic trachyandesitic-trachybasaltic volcanism (4.07±0.2-3.68±0.5my), formation of pyroclastics (1.5±0.18-0.39±0.2my) and phonolitic ring dykes (0.35±0.1my) due to volcanic eruption. In addition to these, [38] states that this volcanism developed in three different phases and these are (i) extrusive volcanism consisting of trachyte, trachyandesite, basaltic trachyandesite, phonolite, tefrite and lamprophyres; (ii) explosive volcanism consisting of ignimbrite, unconsolidated tuff, agglomerate and pumice; (iii) extrusive volcanism consisting of trachyte and trachyandesite.…”

“…Many researchers have stated that Gölcük volcanism occurred in three different geological stages [36]- [38], [62]. Researchers generally refer to these three stages as extrusive volcanism in the first stage, explosive volcanism in the second stage, and extrusive volcanism consisting of trachyte and trachyandesite in the third stage.…”