What Causes Opposing Actions of Brassinosteroids on Stomatal Development?

Serna, Laura

doi:10.1104/pp.112.213058

Cited by 25 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(109 reference statements)

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“…While BR has been widely used as a plant growth modulator in the field for over 30 years (Khripach et al, 2000), its effects on plants are perplexing, and conflicting results have been reported regarding its roles in several processes (Hu et al, 2000;Sasse, 2003;De Vleesschauwer et al, 2012;Wang, 2012;Serna, 2013). In contrast with its growth-promoting effect, exogenous BR application frequently leads to retarded growth; however, the detailed mechanism is unclear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In Arabidopsis, low concentrations of BR promote the growth of both the root and hypocotyl, whereas high concentrations of BR inhibit root growth but still promote hypocotyl growth (Müssig et al, 2003). Intriguingly, BR has been found to have opposite effects on the formation of stomata in cotyledons and hypocotyls (Gudesblat et al, 2012;Kim et al, 2012;Serna, 2013). Similarly, in rice, BR significantly promotes coleoptile growth, but a relatively higher concentration of BR would inhibit both root and seedling growth (Tong et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brassinosteroid Regulates Cell Elongation by Modulating Gibberellin Metabolism in Rice

et al. 2014

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Brassinosteroid (BR) and gibberellin (GA) are two predominant hormones regulating plant cell elongation. A defect in either of these leads to reduced plant growth and dwarfism. However, their relationship remains unknown in rice (Oryza sativa). Here, we demonstrated that BR regulates cell elongation by modulating GA metabolism in rice. Under physiological conditions, BR promotes GA accumulation by regulating the expression of GA metabolic genes to stimulate cell elongation. BR greatly induces the expression of D18/GA3ox-2, one of the GA biosynthetic genes, leading to increased GA 1 levels, the bioactive GA in rice seedlings. Consequently, both d18 and loss-of-function GA-signaling mutants have decreased BR sensitivity. When excessive active BR is applied, the hormone mostly induces GA inactivation through upregulation of the GA inactivation gene GA2ox-3 and also represses BR biosynthesis, resulting in decreased hormone levels and growth inhibition. As a feedback mechanism, GA extensively inhibits BR biosynthesis and the BR response. GA treatment decreases the enlarged leaf angles in plants with enhanced BR biosynthesis or signaling. Our results revealed a previously unknown mechanism underlying BR and GA crosstalk depending on tissues and hormone levels, which greatly advances our understanding of hormone actions in crop plants and appears much different from that in Arabidopsis thaliana.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brassinosteroid Regulates Cell Elongation by Modulating Gibberellin Metabolism in Rice

et al. 2014

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“…Based on this, the differential effects of BRs in cotyledons and in hypocotyls can then be resolved. In cotyledons, BIN2 may target high levels of YDA activity for inhibition, but in hypocotyls, where MAPK activities are low and SPCH activities are high, BIN2 may target SPCH for inhibition (Serna, 2013). This interesting hypothesis awaits confirmation by measuring the MAPK activity in different tissues.…”

Section: Brs Promote Stomatal Formation In Hypocotylsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Indeed, external application of excessive BRs increases the number of stomata in the hypocotyl (Gudesblat et al, 2012b). Several hypotheses have been proposed to address the two apparently conflicting functions of BR in stomatal development (Casson and Hetherington, 2012;Gudesblat et al, 2012a;Serna, 2013). Possibly, different experimental conditions and alleles of the mutants employed in these two studies produced varied phenotypes that may have lead to discrepant interpretation (Gudesblat et al, 2012a).…”

Section: Brs Promote Stomatal Formation In Hypocotylsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stomatal Development in Arabidopsis

Pillitteri

Dong

2013

The Arabidopsis Book

128

119

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Stomata consist of two guard cells that function as turgor-operated valves that regulate gas exchange in plants. In Arabidopsis, a dedicated cell lineage is initiated and undergoes a series of cell divisions and cell-state transitions to produce a stoma. A set of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors regulates the transition and differentiation events through the lineage, while the placement of stomata relative to each other is controlled by intercellular signaling via peptide ligands, transmembrane receptors, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) modules. Some genes involved in regulating stomatal differentiation or density are also involved in hormonal and environmental stress responses, which may provide a link between modulation of stomatal development or function in response to changes in the environment. Premitotic polarlylocalized proteins provide an added layer of regulation, which can be addressed more thoroughly with the identification of additional proteins in this pathway. Linking the networks that control stomatal development promises to bring advances to our understanding of signal transduction, cell polarity, and cell-fate specification in plants.

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“…When GA binds to its receptor, GID1, DELLA is degraded (indicated by small purple circles), and the active PIF4 and BES1 or BZR1 form dimers that bind to target promoters, including PRE1, encoding an atypical bHLH. PRE1 protein binds to and sequesters another bHLH protein, IBH1, which allows a third bHLH, HBI1, to bind to and activate promoters promotes stomata formation in hypocotyls and reduces it in leaves (Gudesblat et al 2012;Kong et al 2012;Serna 2013).…”

Section: Br Signaling and Plant Growth And Development Vegetative Gromentioning

confidence: 99%

Brassinosteroid Signaling in Plants

Clouse¹

2014

Molecular Biology

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What Causes Opposing Actions of Brassinosteroids on Stomatal Development?

Cited by 25 publications

References 39 publications

Brassinosteroid Regulates Cell Elongation by Modulating Gibberellin Metabolism in Rice

Brassinosteroid Regulates Cell Elongation by Modulating Gibberellin Metabolism in Rice

Stomatal Development in Arabidopsis

Brassinosteroid Signaling in Plants

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