What data are available on the extent of illicit drug use and dependence globally? Results of four systematic reviews

Degenhardt, Louisa; Bucello, Chiara; Calabria, Bianca; Nelson, Paul; Roberts, Anna; Hall, Wayne; Lynskey, Michael T.; Wiessing, Lucas

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.032

Cited by 120 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…based on DRPs, are also subject to bias 4, 8, 44. Techniques essentially using a series or combination of multipliers to minimize bias have been proposed 45, 46, but have not quantified uncertainties or formally assessed consistency of evidence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Knowledge of problem drug use prevalence and the number of people who inject drugs (PWID) is critical, serving multiple purposes from estimating the burden of disease locally and globally, informing service planning and evaluating interventions to prevent drug‐related harms 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Reliable estimates, however, are not straightforward to obtain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Problem drug use prevalence estimation revisited: heterogeneity in capture–recapture and the role of external evidence

et al. 2015

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Background and AimsCapture–recapture (CRC) analysis is recommended for estimating the prevalence of problem drug use or people who inject drugs (PWID). We aim to demonstrate how naive application of CRC can lead to highly misleading results, and to suggest how the problems might be overcome.MethodsWe present a case study of estimating the prevalence of PWID in Bristol, UK, applying CRC to lists in contact with three services. We assess: (i) sensitivity of results to different versions of the dominant (treatment) list: specifically, to inclusion of non‐incident cases and of those who were referred directly from one of the other services; (ii) the impact of accounting for a novel covariate, housing instability; and (iii) consistency of CRC estimates with drug‐related mortality data. We then incorporate formally the drug‐related mortality data and lower bounds for prevalence alongside the CRC into a single coherent model.ResultsFive of 11 models fitted the full data equally well but generated widely varying prevalence estimates, from 2740 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 2670, 2840] to 6890 (95% CI = 3740, 17680). Results were highly sensitive to inclusion of non‐incident cases, demonstrating the presence of considerable heterogeneity, and were sensitive to a lesser extent to inclusion of direct referrals. A reduced data set including only incident cases and excluding referrals could be fitted by simpler models, and led to much greater consistency in estimates. Accounting for housing stability improved model fit considerably more than did the standard covariates of age and gender. External data provided validation of results and aided model selection, generating a final estimate of the number of PWID in Bristol in 2011 of 2770 [95% credible interval (Cr‐I) = 2570, 3110] or 0.9% (95% Cr‐I = 0.9, 1.0%) of the population aged 15–64 years.ConclusionsSteps can be taken to reduce bias in capture–recapture analysis, including: careful consideration of data sources, reduction of lists to less heterogeneous subsamples, use of covariates and formal incorporation of external data.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Problem drug use prevalence estimation revisited: heterogeneity in capture–recapture and the role of external evidence

et al. 2015

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“…[4] It is therefore essential to know the extent and monitor the nature and patterns of drug use and dependence in order to detect emerging threats and avoid damaging economic consequences. [23] Objective A review of available data shows a paucity of published research in SA that specifically investigated illicit drug use in deceased persons or attempted to correlate such substances with cause or manner of death.…”

Section: Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatalities involving illicit drug use in Pretoria, South Africa, for the period 2003 - 2012

et al. 2016

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“…Over than 90% of the estimates relate to heroin, as demonstrated in a global literature review by Degenhardt et al [5]. Opioid maintenance treatment has proven efficacy in reducing opioid consumption and psychosocial and medical morbidity and in increasing treatment retention rates and social functioning in opioid addicts [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Buprenorphine Use and Risk of Abuse and Diversion

Soyka¹

2014

Adv Pharmacoepidem Drug Safety

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Buprenorphine in Opioid Maintenance Treatment: A Brief UpdateBuprenorphine is an established first-line medication for the treatment of opioid dependence (see APA guidelines [24] AbstractOpioid maintenance therapy with methadone or buprenorphine is a well-established first-line treatment for opioid dependence. However, risk of diversion and drug-related mortality are critical issues during maintenance therapy. These issues are discussed controversially in both the scientific and public arenas and are a matter of concern also among medical authorities. In addition to a formulation containing buprenorphine alone, a combination formulation with buprenorphine and naloxone in a 4:1 ratio is available. The combination formulation was developed with the aim to prevent intravenous use or diversion. This critical review summarizes data on the risk of abuse and diversion of buprenorphine.

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What data are available on the extent of illicit drug use and dependence globally? Results of four systematic reviews

Cited by 120 publications

References 45 publications

Problem drug use prevalence estimation revisited: heterogeneity in capture–recapture and the role of external evidence

Problem drug use prevalence estimation revisited: heterogeneity in capture–recapture and the role of external evidence

Fatalities involving illicit drug use in Pretoria, South Africa, for the period 2003 - 2012

Buprenorphine Use and Risk of Abuse and Diversion

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