Are Catholics more inclined to violate social norms than Protestants? A tentative answer is yes due to this confession's attitude towards absolution of sins. Opportunities existed for Christians around Reformation times, for example as sales of indulgences. Catholics and Protestants arguably differed historically in their understanding of whether penitence is feasible or not, resulting in different conditions under which Catholics and Protestants decide in situations of social exchange. This is illustrated by ethical game theory and exemplified by historical data. The analysis points to the tentative suggestion that religious socialisation can affect social payoffs of crime and social trust in a long-term perspective. 1 | INTRODUCTION In 1676, Isaac Newton modestly wrote that if he had seen further than others, it was because he stood on the shoulders of giants (Newton, 1676). Olson (1965) could have said in the same way that if he stood on the shoulders of a giant, it must have been Adam Smith and his book The Wealth of Nations. Here, Smith introduces the notion of the private market and the invisible hand (Smith, [1776] 1975). While the notion of the term 'invisible hand' in Smith's work is still debatable, the reference to Calvinist (and therefore theological) ideas about the '[…] positive view of selflove […], a providentialist view of history, and an emphasis on the importance of industry and vocation' (Harrison, 2011, p. 37) is clearly recognisable. Within a setting of valid social norms, individuals contribute, according Smith ([1776] 1975, p. 456), to the wealth of a nation by pursuing self-interested goals in the private market. 1 *Peter Graeff is a professor at the Faculty of Business, Economics, and Social Sciences at Kiel University. He received a diploma in economics and a PhD in psychology from Bonn University. His research focusses on empirical research methods and social capital research in its positive (e.g. social trust) and its negative (e.g. corruption) sense. Recent publications have appeared in, among others,