What do we actually know about a common cause of plantar heel pain? A scoping review of heel fat pad syndrome

Chang, Alison H.; Rasmussen, Steven Zartov; Jensen, Asger Emil; Sørensen, Thomas; Rathleff, Michael Skovdal

doi:10.1186/s13047-022-00568-x

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Some patients sustain symptoms for more than one year and experience intractable plantar fasciitis. Numerous risk factors, such as aging, obesity, repetitive injury, or prolonged stimuli, may attribute to these chronic symptoms [4][5][6]. Relieving symptoms quickly is important because plantar fasciitis reduces quality of life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The exclusion criteria included patients (1) who declined to participate in the study; (2) with heel pain for any other reason, including a calcaneal stress fracture, infection, tumors, rheumatic enthesopathy, or nerve entrapment; (3) with disorders of the foot or ankle not related to plantar fasciitis; (4) who had received any other injection including steroids in the past 3 months; (5) with systemic diseases or any severe diseases of the heart, liver, or kidney; and (6) with a history of alcohol, drug abuse, or psychiatric history [19].…”

Section: Exclusion Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This mechanical load is crucial for normal foot function but can also predispose the fascia to microtears and inflammation, especially in the context of overuse, improper footwear, or structural abnormalities, such as flatfeet. Many clinical factors are known to be risk factors, such as aging, injury, repetitive or prolonged stimuli, and overweight [4][5][6]. It is becoming more common as the population ages, and many people participate in sports activities [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinical Efficacy of Application-Linked Stretching Ball as Digital Therapeutics in Plantar Fasciitis

Ryu,

Lee,

Park

et al. 2024

JCM

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Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of application-linked stretching ball instruments that record the rolling time and force of patients compared with a traditional simple stretching ball. Methods: Fourteen participants with plantar fasciitis were divided into a simple massage ball group (group A, n = 8) and an application-linked massage ball group (group B, n = 6). The application-linked massage ball sends information regarding the massages, such as the frequency and force of the massage on the foot, to the application on the patient’s smartphone. All clinical outcomes were evaluated at the beginning of the study and 1-, 2-, and 3-month follow-up. The primary outcome measure was the Manchester–Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ) score. Results: At the beginning of the study, the initial MOXFQ score was not significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.948). At each time point, the MOXFQ score of the whole population did not improve significantly compared to that of the initial state (p = 0.131). Generalized estimating equation modeling demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the improvement of the MOXFQ score between groups A and B during follow-up (p = 0.826). In addition, no group-by-time interactions were observed (p = 0.457). Conclusions: The efficacy of an application-linked massage ball for the treatment of plantar fasciitis was not as definite as that of a traditional simple stretching ball in patients whose symptoms persisted for at least six months. Future studies that include patients with acute plantar fasciitis are required.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Exclusion Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinical Efficacy of Application-Linked Stretching Ball as Digital Therapeutics in Plantar Fasciitis

Ryu,

Lee,

Park

et al. 2024

JCM

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“…However, none of our participants complained about pain or reported any injury. Therefore, these findings raise intriguing questions regarding how this energy is utilized by the body or dissipated by the foot and if excessive energy dissipation is associated with tissue mechanical properties like thickness and stiffness and contributes to foot complications like plantar heel pain [ 62 ]. Nevertheless, our study showed that downhill walking exaggerated the dissipative behavior of the healthy foot during the entire and early phase of each step, suggesting that the foot contributes to the dissipation of impacts by the legs during downhill walking [ 3 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanics of the human foot during walking on different slopes

Papachatzis,

Takahashi

2023

PLoS ONE

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When humans walk on slopes, the ankle, knee, and hip joints modulate their mechanical work to accommodate the mechanical demands. Yet, it is unclear if the foot modulates its work output during uphill and downhill walking. Therefore, we quantified the mechanical work performed by the foot and its subsections of twelve adults walked on five randomized slopes (−10°, −5°, 0°, +5°, +10°). We estimated the work of distal-to-hindfoot and distal-to-forefoot structures using unified deformable segment analysis and the work of the midtarsal, ankle, knee, and hip joints using a six-degree-of-freedom model. Further, using a geometric model, we estimated the length of the plantar structures crossing the longitudinal arch while accounting for the first metatarsophalangeal wrapping length. We hypothesized that compared to level walking, downhill walking would increase negative and net-negative work magnitude, particularly at the early stance phase, and uphill walking would increase the positive work, particularly at the mid-to-late stance phase. We found that downhill walking increased the magnitude of the foot’s negative and net-negative work, especially during early stance, highlighting its capacity to absorb impacts when locomotion demands excessive energy dissipation. Notably, the foot maintained its net dissipative behavior between slopes; however, the ankle, knee, and hip shifted from net energy dissipation to net energy generation when changing from downhill to uphill. Such results indicate that humans rely more on joints proximal to the foot to modulate the body’s total mechanical energy. Uphill walking increased midtarsal’s positive and distal-to-forefoot negative work in near-equal amounts. That coincided with the prolonged lengthening and delayed shortening of the plantar structures, resembling a spring-like function that possibly assists the energetic demands of locomotion during mid-to-late stance. These results broaden our understanding of the foot’s mechanical function relative to the leg’s joints and could inspire the design of wearable assistive devices that improve walking capacity.

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“…Statistics indicate that around 7% of individuals aged 65 and above report experiencing discomfort in the heel region. Furthermore, identification and management of this pain originating from the plantar area contribute to over a million medical visits annually in India (1,2) . Patients commonly describe experiencing pain at the front-inner part of the heel bone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of Cushioned Insoles and Magnetic Insoles in the Treatment of Chronic Plantar Fasciitis

Kirthika,

Cyrus,

Deepthi

et al. 2023

IJST

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Objectives: This present study aims to compare the efficacy of Cushioned Insoles and Magnetic Insoles in managing Chronic Plantar Fasciitis. Methods:The study involved 40 participants aged between 30 and 45, all diagnosed with Chronic Plantar Fasciitis and meeting the specified criteria for inclusion and exclusion. These participants were divided into two groups randomly. Group A underwent treatment with Cushioned Insoles, wearing them for a minimum of 4 hours per day, four days a week, over an 8-week period. Conversely, Group B received treatment with Magnetic Insoles, also wearing them for at least 4 hours daily, four days a week, for 8 weeks. Furthermore, both sets of participants participated in stretching activities designed to address plantar fascia tightness and also calf muscles. The level of pain was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and the evaluation of functionality was performed using the Foot Function Index (FFI). Findings: Following the twomonth intervention period, Participants in both Group A as well as Group B observed a decrease in pain levels and an enhancement in foot function. Group B, which utilized Magnetic Insoles, exhibited a more pronounced reduction in pain intensity, achieving a mean VAS score of 2.86, while Group A, which used Cushioned Insoles, had a mean VAS score of 4.20 (p ≤ 0.001). Group B (Magnetic Insole) also showed a greater improvement, with a mean FFI score of 53.73, in comparison to Group A (Cushioned Insole) with a mean FFI score of 63.00 (p ≤ 0.001). Novelty: The novel contribution of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of Cushioned Insoles and Magnetic Insoles in managing Chronic Plantar Fasciitis in terms of VAS and FFI both together which were not significantly addressed in the existing literature.

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What do we actually know about a common cause of plantar heel pain? A scoping review of heel fat pad syndrome

Cited by 8 publications

References 41 publications

Clinical Efficacy of Application-Linked Stretching Ball as Digital Therapeutics in Plantar Fasciitis

Clinical Efficacy of Application-Linked Stretching Ball as Digital Therapeutics in Plantar Fasciitis

Mechanics of the human foot during walking on different slopes

Efficacy of Cushioned Insoles and Magnetic Insoles in the Treatment of Chronic Plantar Fasciitis

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