What Do We Know about the Use of EEG Monitoring during Equine Anesthesia: A Review

Drewnowska, O.; Lisowska, Barbara; Turek, B.

doi:10.3390/app9183678

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Moreover, the measurement of brain activity could be of great value. The power spectral analysis of the EEG has been used to evaluate brain responses to anesthetic protocols in horses (6)(7)(8)25). Likewise, the bispectral index (BIS) has been used to evaluate brain responses during inhalant anesthesia (34).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limited usefulness of the observation of eye bulb rotation and neuro-ophthalmic responses for assessing the depth of equine anesthesia: an observational study comparing three protocols

DREWNOWSKA¹,

TUREK²,

LISOWSKA³

et al. 2021

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

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The observation of the neuro-ophthalmic responses is an established basic tool for monitoring the depth of anesthesia in horses. However, their usefulness during balanced anesthesia in the clinic is questionable. The aim of this study was to compare the usefulness of neuro-ophthalmic responses during 3 commonly used anesthetic protocols. An observational study was performed on 22 horses, 5 maintained only with isoflurane (ISO group), 12 maintained with isoflurane and a constant rate infusion of ketamine (ISO+KET group), and 5 maintained with isoflurane and a constant rate infusion of detomidine (ISO+DET group). The occurrence of all five responses was noted: spontaneous palpebral and provoked palpebral response, corneal response, nystagmus and eye bulb rotation. The most consistent with the literature and most useful for anesthetic depth assessment was the observation of spontaneous palpebral reflex in all of the groups (p = 0.788) and the most significant differences were visible for the observation of the provoked palpebral reflex (p = 0.015) for all groups. The reflexes in the group ISO+DET were less consistent with the literature than in other groups, making them least useful. The group ISO seemed to have the reflexes’ observations most consistent with the literature expectations. The corneal reflex was always present and nystagmus always absent which confirmed the observations from literature. The above results suggest that neuro-ophthalmic responses, especially eye bulb rotation and provoked palpebral reflexes, should not be the only indicators in assessing the depth of anesthesia during maintenance with ketamine or detomidine with concurrent isoflurane.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limited usefulness of the observation of eye bulb rotation and neuro-ophthalmic responses for assessing the depth of equine anesthesia: an observational study comparing three protocols

DREWNOWSKA¹,

TUREK²,

LISOWSKA³

et al. 2021

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…EEG monitoring and its calculated indices have shown more promise in evaluating nociception under anaesthesia in horses (Johnson et al, 1999(Johnson et al, , 2000Murrell et al, 2003Murrell et al, , 2005. Drewnowska et al (2019) has comprehensively reviewed EEG monitoring during equine anaesthesia.…”

Section: Electroencephalographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring techniques for equine anaesthesia

Dagnall

Khenissi

Love

2021

Equine Veterinary Education

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The anaesthetist aims to preserve normal physiology of the horse notwithstanding the use of general anaesthetic drugs and pre-existing pathological changes. Provision of analgesia and maintaining an adequate plane of anaesthesia are important alongside monitoring cardiorespiratory performance, response to noxious stimuli and temperature. There are a variety of techniques that subjectively or objectively assess physiological variables, and the results should be interpreted in the context of the anaesthetic protocol. Basic 'hands-on' monitoring of anaesthesia requires no equipment and is a core skill for every anaesthetist. However, as technology advances, many more electronic monitoring options have become available. This review describes how to use specific monitoring techniques, discusses the evidence underpinning them and evaluates their place in clinical practice. Where appropriate, normal and abnormal values are highlighted, although evaluation of trends may be more important in some cases. Regular documentation of variables enables trends to be identified and is key to appropriate early intervention. All basic monitoring techniques that require no equipment, such as ocular and mucous membrane assessment and pulse palpation, are recommended for every general anaesthetic procedure. The use of capnography, pulse oximetry, electrocardiography and blood pressure monitoring devices is recommended where indicated (Martinez et al., 2008), recognising that anaesthesia in horses is performed in a variety of places with different facilities and using various drug combinations.

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“…Furthermore, previous attempts to use bispectral index monitors in dogs showed mixed results and were difficult to apply clinically [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. The availability of Sedline ® EEG monitors allows clinical monitoring of anesthesia in horses subjected to surgery [25][26][27]. This modern EEG monitoring system has not been assessed in anesthetized dogs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroencephalographic and Cardiovascular Changes Associated with Propofol Constant Rate of Infusion Anesthesia in Young Healthy Dogs

Murillo

Weil

Moore

et al. 2023

Animals

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This study aimed to evaluate electroencephalography (EEG) and cardiovascular changes associated with propofol constant rate of infusion (CRI) anesthesia in dogs. Six dogs were each given propofol CRI to induce different anesthetic phases including induction (1 mg/kg/min for 10 min), and decremental maintenance doses of 2.4 mg per kg per min, 1.6 mg per kg per min, and 0.8 mg per kg per minute over 45 min. Processed EEG indices including patient state index (PSI), (burst) suppression ratio (SR), and spectral edge frequency (95%) were obtained continuously until the dogs recovered to sternal recumbency. The dogs were intubated and ventilated. Cardiovascular and EEG index values were compared between anesthetic phases. The PSI, SR, mean arterial blood pressure, and subjective anesthetic depth scores were highly correlated throughout anesthetic depth changes. The PSI decreased from 85.0 ± 17.3 at awake to 66.0 ± 29.0 at induction, and then sharply reduced to 19.7 ± 23.6 during maintenance and returned to 61.5 ± 19.2 at extubation. The SR increased from 15.4 ± 30.9% at induction to 70.9 ± 39.8% during maintenance and decreased to 3.4 ± 8.9% at extubation. We concluded that EEG indices can be used to aid in tracking ongoing brain state changes during propofol anesthesia in dogs.

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What Do We Know about the Use of EEG Monitoring during Equine Anesthesia: A Review

Cited by 7 publications

References 57 publications

Limited usefulness of the observation of eye bulb rotation and neuro-ophthalmic responses for assessing the depth of equine anesthesia: an observational study comparing three protocols

Limited usefulness of the observation of eye bulb rotation and neuro-ophthalmic responses for assessing the depth of equine anesthesia: an observational study comparing three protocols

Monitoring techniques for equine anaesthesia

Electroencephalographic and Cardiovascular Changes Associated with Propofol Constant Rate of Infusion Anesthesia in Young Healthy Dogs

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