What Drives Gender Differences in Trust and Trustworthiness?

Abstract

This study examines the underlying factors that drive gender differences in trust and trustworthiness. Is gender difference in trust behavior motivated by variations in social context and gender norms? I study this question by conducting trust experiments in comparable and neighboring matrilineal and patrilineal societies in India. I find that the matrilineal subjects are more trusting than the patrilineal ones, although there is substantial heterogeneity across gender. In the matrilineal society, men are significantly more trusting but no more trustworthy than women, while in the patrilineal society, men are neither more trusting nor more trustworthy than women. My findings thus suggest that societal structure is crucially linked to the observed gender differences in trust and trustworthiness.

Establishing Trust in E-Commerce Through Website Design Elements

“…As previously mentioned, men and women are different in their patterns of thinking and behaving. These differences may moderate the extent of their participation in online activities (Aboobucker, 2019;Jain et al, 2020;Kim et al, 2020;Mukherjee, 2020;Santo & Trigo, 2020;Sohaib et al, 2019). In this study, we expect the effects of website design elements (of visual design, information design, and navigation design) on e-trust to be different between genders.…”

“…However, variables, such as website visual design, information design, and navigation design have not been adequately examined related to e-trust formation (Hussein et al, 2020). In addition, the relationship of website design elements to e-trust has not previously been investigated across genders (Mukherjee, 2020;Sohaib et al, 2019). Therefore, this study aims to shine new light on this research area through an examination of the impact of website design elements (visual design, information design, and navigation design) on consumer trust in e-commerce.…”

“…It is expected that website design can lead to online trust, although research that systematically examines such a relationship is little (Hussein, Chauhan, Dalmer, Rudzicz, & Boger, 2020). In addition, far too little attention has been paid to understand the effect of website design elements on e-trust across gender (Mukherjee, 2020;Sohaib, Kang & Nuvunnabi, 2019). This has presented a significant gap in the literature.…”

“…Gender has long been considered to play a key role in moderating the effect of design features on consumers' evaluative judgements (Holbrook, 1986). Previous studies have found prominent differences between men and women in terms of online trust (Mukherjee, 2020), confidence in privacy protection on the internet (Park, 2015), IT usage (Assaker, 2019;Shaouf & Altaqqi, 2018), motivations to use social networking sites (Mouakket, 2018;Noguti, Singh, & Waller, 20219), website design perceptions (Cyr & Bonanni, 2005;Moss, Gunn, & Heller, 2006), visual attention to online shopping information (Hwang & Lee, 2018), and decision-making processes (Gonzalez, Meyer & Toldos, 2021).…”

Visual Indicators Representing Avatars' Authenticity in Social Virtual Reality and Their Impacts on Perceived Trustworthiness

“…To minimize potential gender influences in our experiment, each participant was exposed to an avatar representing the same gender as themselves. This approach aligns with established practices in trust research [43,62]. The avatar's animation was recorded with the OptiTrack 6 mocap system: the avatar walks slowly towards the participant and waves at them to greet them, with a slight smile and its head and eyes following the participants naturally.…”