What happens to children with PDD when they grow up? Prospective follow‐up of 219 children from preschool age to mid‐childhood

Abstract

Developmental and symptom changes in young children with autism should not be overlooked and need to be assessed regularly in view of choosing suitable servicing programs.

Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Daily Living Skills in Children with High-Functioning Autism and Concurrent Anxiety Disorders

“…For example, Freeman et al (1999) found that adaptive functioning increased with age for individuals with ASD and was related to individual initial cognitive scores. Liss et al (2001) and Baghdadli et al (2007) found severity of autistic symptoms related to poorer adaptive functioning outcomes, suggesting that symptoms of autism may interfere with the development of daily living skills. Finally, poorer memory has been related with poor adaptive functioning skills (Liss et al 2001).…”

Developmental Trajectories of Adaptive Behaviors from Early Childhood to Adolescence in a Cohort of 152 Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

“…The present study extends our previous work examining a cohort of young ASD children where we examined change in clinical and environmental variables at two points in time separated by 3 years (Baghdadli et al 2007). We now have collected data to extend the time to nearly 10 years using a group-based trajectory analysis to investigate the natural history of three dimensions of adaptive behaviors (communication, socialization and daily living skills) in a cohort of 152 children from childhood into adolescence.…”

“…Psychological development was assessed in two major functional areas, object-related cognition functioning (OC) and person-related cognition functioning (PC), using multiple sources of information related to these two domains (Baghdadli et al 2007). This approach was chosen considering the limitations of testing large samples containing low-functioning subjects, the problematic use of global psychological measures in such samples, and the need in a follow-up study to assess all children at multiple times in a standardized way (whatever their age or their cognitive level).…”

“…Long term follow-up studies indicate that there is heterogeneity in the daily living skills of ASD individuals, but that the majority remains dependent on their families or professional service providers for the tasks of daily living Howlin 2003). Finally, it is agreed that adaptive skills in autism arise through multiple routes, but the majority of the studies emphasize that IQ is the strongest predictor of the outcome over age (Baghdadli et al 2007;Szatmari et al 2009). Studies examining the relationship between adaptive skills and autistic symptomatology also have found varying trends (Perry et al 2009;Klin et al 2007).…”

“…Many of the available prospective studies that examined the outcome provided strong evidence of a wide range of clinical trajectories (Howlin et al 2004;Baghdadli et al 2007).…”