“…However, the use of these policies has been controversial (Dinkes, Cataldi, Kena, Baum, & Snyder, 2006;Fenning et al, 2012) for resulting in school exclusion, with the excluded youth often coming from disadvantaged backgrounds (Bear, 2012;Carroll, 2008). Indeed, participants' aggressions did not involve weapons or drugs, yet they were suspended or expelled with no interim services, as has been reported in other studies (Pirrie et al, 2009;Pirrie, Macleod, Cullen, & McCluskey, 2011). Throughout their schooling, these participants were suspended for fighting, and four were ultimately expelled pending placement in an alternate program, despite being deemed safe enough to return to a mainstream school setting.…”