“…Current criticisms include the depletion of natural resources by foreign companies, land grabbing, the unequal repartition of value along the production chains, captive market relationships, etc. Some studies suggest that an increase in exports can result in a socio-economic downgrading of a country if the lead firm of the GVC engages in predatory behavior (see Kaplinsky, Terheggen and Tijaja, 2010 for the examples of timber in Gabon and cassava in Thailand). Regulators are now faced with transboundary legal issues and private (often voluntary) standards that regulate an important part of global trade without control.…”