“…Ubiquitous mobile Internet access has changed the reading and learning habits of the younger generation (Yu et al , 2022; Banshal et al , 2022; Chan et al , 2022; Ding et al , 2021; Pianzola et al , 2022; Ezeamuzie et al , 2022; Wang et al , 2016, 2022a) and facilitated anytime, anywhere learning activities (Chen and Chen, 2022; Yip et al , 2021; Zhang et al , 2021; Fan et al , 2020; Lau et al , 2020; Law et al , 2019), especially under the constraints of COVID-19 restrictions (Li et al , 2021; Sung and Chiu, 2022). While online learning has developed further to MOOCs (Cheng et al , 2022; Cheng, 2022; Wang et al , 2022b) for quite some time, online and virtual learning was not the major way until the pandemic.…”