2017
DOI: 10.1111/josi.12245
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What Influences Shooter Bias? The Effects of Suspect Race, Neighborhood, and Clothing on Decisions to Shoot

Abstract: Police shooting deaths of unarmed Blacks and African Americans led to psychological research on the influence of racial stereotypes on decisions to shoot, an effect called shooter bias. This article investigates how contextual cues signaling threat or safety interact with the race of the target to moderate shooter bias. Across two experimental studies using a first person shooter task, participants viewed Black or White male targets who held either a neutral (wallet or cellphone) or dangerous (gun) object. Stu… Show more

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Cited by 76 publications
(48 citation statements)
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“…African Americans wearing stereotype incongruent (formal) clothing were rated significantly higher than African Americans wearing stereotype congru ent clothing on the composite measure of prejudice (four positive characteristic traits and two negative). These findings support previous research (Kwon & JohnsonHillery, 1998), showing how stereotypical clothing negatively influences participants' per ceptions of African American individuals (Kahn & Davies, 2017). Our findings demonstrated that participants seeing stereotype incongruent clothing were less prejudiced toward the African American models.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 91%
“…African Americans wearing stereotype incongruent (formal) clothing were rated significantly higher than African Americans wearing stereotype congru ent clothing on the composite measure of prejudice (four positive characteristic traits and two negative). These findings support previous research (Kwon & JohnsonHillery, 1998), showing how stereotypical clothing negatively influences participants' per ceptions of African American individuals (Kahn & Davies, 2017). Our findings demonstrated that participants seeing stereotype incongruent clothing were less prejudiced toward the African American models.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 91%
“…Contextual cues that prime this stereotype influence the magnitude of the shooter bias. Participants made fewer mistakes when the targets were associated with safe rather than threatening neighborhoods or appeared in safe (i.e., business suit) versus threatening (i.e., hoodie) clothing (Kahn & Davies, ).…”
Section: Prevalence Of Racial Disparitiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Stimuli. We reviewed the literature to establish what has previously been used to operationalize "stereo typical clothing" for African Americans (Kahn & Davies, 2017). The pictures and clothing we picked satisfied these criteria (i.e., ball cap, bandana, baggy shirt, and baggy jeans or black shirt, gold chain, and baggy jeans).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Clothing is a major way to activate schemas with the presence of specific clothing having the potential to alter perceptions (Kahn & Davies, 2017). For example, college students rated models wearing formal business attire as more authoritative, credible, responsible, competent, knowledgeable, reliable, intelligent, trustworthy, willing to work hard, efficient, approachable, courteous, friendly, and businesslike as compared to models wearing semiformal or informal clothing (Kwon & Johnson Hillery, 1998).…”
Section: Clothing and Prejudicementioning
confidence: 99%