“…Fear can have a significant mediating effect on protection motivation according to some researchers (e.g., Haag et al, 2021;Kim et al, 2022;Lin & Zhu, 2023;Maddux & Rogers, 1983;Marshall et al, 2022;Rogers, 1975Rogers, , 1983 but not to others (e.g., Ifinedo, 2012;Lee & Seomun, 2021;Menard et al, 2018;Mutambik et al, 2023a;Oakley et al, 2020), although it is a main component of protection-motivation theory in theoretical reviews (e.g., Haag et al, 2021;Maddux & Rogers, 1983;Marikyan & Papagiannidis, 2023;Milne et al, 2000). In Kim et al (2022), fear was found to significantly mediate the relationship between (a) local support, hygienic behavior, and conscious consumption and (b) perceived threat and response efficacy.…”