What is a memory schema? A historical perspective on current neuroscience literature

Ghosh, Vanessa E.; Gilboa, Asaf

doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.11.010

Cited by 412 publications

(327 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…How easily new information can be assimilated into a neocortical knowledge structure, such as a "schema," may depend on the extent to which subjects have an available framework of prior knowledge relevant to the new information being learned (Bransford 1979;McClelland 2013;Ghosh and Gilboa 2014). Rapid assimilation of information into a schema should speed up the time course of systems consolidation.…”

Section: Interpreting Behavioral Measures and Cognitive Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory Consolidation

Squire

Genzel

Wixted

et al. 2015

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol

549

387

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Conscious memory for a new experience is initially dependent on information stored in both the hippocampus and neocortex. Systems consolidation is the process by which the hippocampus guides the reorganization of the information stored in the neocortex such that it eventually becomes independent of the hippocampus. Early evidence for systems consolidation was provided by studies of retrograde amnesia, which found that damage to the hippocampus-impaired memories formed in the recent past, but typically spared memories formed in the more remote past. Systems consolidation has been found to occur for both episodic and semantic memories and for both spatial and nonspatial memories, although empirical inconsistencies and theoretical disagreements remain about these issues. Recent work has begun to characterize the neural mechanisms that underlie the dialogue between the hippocampus and neocortex (e.g., "neural replay," which occurs during sharp wave ripple activity). New work has also identified variables, such as the amount of preexisting knowledge, that affect the rate of consolidation. The increasing use of molecular genetic tools (e.g., optogenetics) can be expected to further improve understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying consolidation.

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Section: Interpreting Behavioral Measures and Cognitive Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory Consolidation

Squire

Genzel

Wixted

et al. 2015

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol

549

387

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…During retrieval, one would not remember a single episode, but rather the common characteristics from across the series of similar events (Neisser, 1981), similar to a personal schema (Ghosh & Gilboa, 2014). Accordingly, these memories are characterized by reduced temporal specificity, personal significance, emotionality, and detail as compared to memories of unique episodes Holland, Addis, & Kensinger, 2011;Levine, et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal semantics: Is it distinct from episodic and semantic memory? An electrophysiological study of memory for autobiographical facts and repeated events in honor of Shlomo Bentin

et al. 2016

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Declarative memory is thought to consist of two independent systems: episodic and semantic.Episodic memory represents personal and contextually unique events, while semantic memory represents culturally-shared, acontextual factual knowledge. Personal semantics refers to aspects of declarative memory that appear to fall somewhere in between the extremes of episodic and semantic. Examples include autobiographical knowledge and memories of repeated personal events. These two aspects of personal semantics have been studied little and rarely compared to both semantic and episodic memory. We recorded the event-related potentials (ERPs) of 27 healthy participants while they verified the veracity of sentences probing four types of questions: general (i.e., semantic) facts, autobiographical facts, repeated events, and unique (i.e., episodic) 2 events. Behavioral results showed equivalent reaction times in all 4 conditions. True sentences were verified faster than false sentences, except for unique events for which no significant difference was observed. Electrophysiological results showed that the N400 (which is classically associated with retrieval from semantic memory) was maximal for general facts and the LPC (which is classically associated with retrieval from episodic memory) was maximal for unique events. For both ERP components, the two personal semantic conditions (i.e., autobiographical facts and repeated events) systematically differed from semantic memory. In addition, N400 amplitudes also differentiated autobiographical facts from unique events. Autobiographical facts and repeated events did not differ significantly from each other but their corresponding scalp distributions differed from those associated with general facts. Our results suggest that the neural correlates of personal semantics can be distinguished from those of semantic and episodic memory, and may provide clues as to how unique events are transformed to semantic memory.

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“…when experiencing a familiar environment in the dark. This operation follows the idea of a schema [20] [39]. Schemas can be thought of as generative models for a particular basic system [43].…”

Section: Characteristics Of Biological Autobiographical Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The unique processing architectures that result from training a DNN on data from a particular sensory domain could be described as a schema [20], an important concept in memory as discussed earlier. We propose that it is precisely the interaction of a compact episodic memory, and the sequential re-activation of an appropriate schema that underlies the compression and pattern completion capabilities of autobiographical memory.…”

Section: Deep Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Machines Learning - Towards a New Synthetic Autobiographical Memory

Evans

Fox

Prescott

2014

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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Abstract. Autobiographical memory is the organisation of episodes and contextual information from an individual's experiences into a coherent narrative, which is key to our sense of self. Formation and recall of autobiographical memories is essential for effective, adaptive behaviour in the world, providing contextual information necessary for planning actions and memory functions such as event reconstruction. A synthetic autobiographical memory system would endow intelligent robotic agents with many essential components of cognition through active compression and storage of historical sensorimotor data in an easily addressable manner. Current approaches neither fulfil these functional requirements, nor build upon recent understanding of predictive coding, deep learning, nor the neurobiology of memory. This position paper highlights desiderata for a modern implementation of synthetic autobiographical memory based on human episodic memory, and proposes that a recently developed model of hippocampal memory could be extended as a generalised model of autobiographical memory. Initial implementation will be targeted at social interaction, where current synthetic autobiographical memory systems have had success.

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What is a memory schema? A historical perspective on current neuroscience literature

Cited by 412 publications

References 46 publications

Memory Consolidation

Memory Consolidation

Personal semantics: Is it distinct from episodic and semantic memory? An electrophysiological study of memory for autobiographical facts and repeated events in honor of Shlomo Bentin

Machines Learning - Towards a New Synthetic Autobiographical Memory

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