What is happening outside North America regarding human dirofilariasis?

Simón, F.; López-Belmonte, Juan Luis; Marcos‐Atxutegi, C.; Morchón, Rodrigo; Martín-Pacho, J.R.

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.03.033

Cited by 110 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Immature D. immitis worms can reach a branch of the human pulmonary artery, triggering an inflammatory response that destroys the worms, occasionally resulting in pulmonary nodules (391). D. repens worms cause subcutaneous nodules and can reach the ocular region in human patients (321).…”

Section: Essential Features Of the Biology Of Dirofilaria Species Lifmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…D. immitis pro-duces both canine and feline cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis, whereas D. repens causes both canine and feline subcutaneous dirofilariasis. In addition, D. immitis and D. repens are responsible for human pulmonary and subcutaneous/ocular dirofilariasis, respectively, throughout the world (324,391). Therefore, these infections represent a zoonotic mosaic, which in practice includes two main filarial species that have adapted to canine, feline, and human hosts to various degrees.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Human and Animal Dirofilariasis: the Emergence of a Zoonotic Mosaic

et al. 2012

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SUMMARY Dirofilariasis represents a zoonotic mosaic, which includes two main filarial species ( Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens ) that have adapted to canine, feline, and human hosts with distinct biological and clinical implications. At the same time, both D. immitis and D. repens are themselves hosts to symbiotic bacteria of the genus Wolbachia , the study of which has resulted in a profound shift in the understanding of filarial biology, the mechanisms of the pathologies that they produce in their hosts, and issues related to dirofilariasis treatment. Moreover, because dirofilariasis is a vector-borne transmitted disease, their distribution and infection rates have undergone significant modifications influenced by global climate change. Despite advances in our knowledge of D. immitis and D. repens and the pathologies that they inflict on different hosts, there are still many unknown aspects of dirofilariasis. This review is focused on human and animal dirofilariasis, including the basic morphology, biology, protein composition, and metabolism of Dirofilaria species; the climate and human behavioral factors that influence distribution dynamics; the disease pathology; the host-parasite relationship; the mechanisms involved in parasite survival; the immune response and pathogenesis; and the clinical management of human and animal infections.

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Section: Essential Features Of the Biology Of Dirofilaria Species Lifmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Human and Animal Dirofilariasis: the Emergence of a Zoonotic Mosaic

et al. 2012

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“…There are three types of dirofilariasis distinguished in humans, depending on clinical signs: subcutaneous dirofilariasis (SD), ocular dirofilariasis (OD) and pulmonary dirofilariasis (PD) [27][28][29]. SD usually manifests as a single subcutaneous nodule, which is caused by macrofilaria trapped by the immune system [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SD usually manifests as a single subcutaneous nodule, which is caused by macrofilaria trapped by the immune system [27]. Subcutaneous migration of the worm may result in local swellings with changing localisation (creeping eruption) [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dirofilariasis in Russian Federation: a big problem with large distribution

Tatyana¹,

Alexey²

2018

Russ Open Med J

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Dirofilariasis caused by Dirofilaria spp. is an important vector-borne and largely zoonotic disease. In Russia, dirofilariasis is caused by two agents D. immitis and D. repens. The present article provides detailed analyses of human and canine dirofilariasis methods of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the disease, with particular reference to the control programmes. Information has been summarised from literature in different languages that are not readily accessible to the international scientific community. Human dirofilariasis was first registered in Russia in 1915, and recent reports showed that the total number of infected humans increases on average by 1.8 times every three years. Human dirofilariasis was registered in 42 federal subjects. Totally 1162 cases of subcutaneous dirofilariasis were registered in the Russian Federation between 1915-2013, the most frequently type of subcutanious dirofilariasis was ocular dirofilariasis (more than 50% cases). Seven cases of pulmonary dirofilarisis were registered in Russia. The treatment of human dirofilariasis includes surgical removal of worms only; in result preventive measure have major importance for reducing risk of Dirofilaria infection. Control programmes have been implemented by the government at all administrative levels including diagnosis and treatment of patients, identification, isolation, and treatment of infected dogs, monthly chemoprophylactic of dogs during spring-summer periods, and regular vector control.

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“…As regards geographical distribution, D. immitis occasionally causes human infections in the Mediterranean region of the European Union (Jelinek et al, 1996;Muro et al, 1999), and human dirofilariosis cases predominantly occur in the Americas, Japan, and Australia. Several human medical aspects of dirofilariosis caused by D. immitis have been described in the literature (Moorhouse, 1978;Merrill et al, 1980;Ciferri, 1982;Theis et al, 2001;Simón et al, 2005). Human dirofilariosis cases are predominantly caused by D. repens in most countries of Eurasia (Simón et al, 2012).…”

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confidence: 99%

Impacts of urbanisation level and distance from potential natural mosquito breeding habitats on the abundance of canine dirofilariosis

Tràjer

Rengei

Farkas-Iványi

et al. 2016

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

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Dirofilariosis is an emerging mosquito-borne veterinary and medical problem in the Northern hemisphere. The ecological investigation of 56 canine dirofilariosis cases in new endemic locations was performed in Szeged, Hungary. The aim was to analyse the influence of the spatial patterns of dog abundance and the potential mosquito breeding habitats on the spatial occurrence patterns of dirofilariosis in the city of Szeged. The limnoecological characterisation was based on the fluvial habitat classification of Amoros of natural water bodies; the built environment was evaluated using the UrbanisationScore urbanisation intensity measuring software. Dirofilaria immitis accounted for 51% and D. repens for 34.3% of the dirofilariosis cases, and in 20% of the cases only the Knott's test was positive. It was concluded that most of the cases were related to locations with a medium to high urbanisation index, although the proximity of mosquito-bearing waters also played an important role in the observed spatial infection patterns. We found that the distance from potential mosquito habitats and the urbanisation intensity determine the abundance of dirofilariosis in urban environments. Key words: Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens, urbanisation intensity, Amoros classificationDirofilariosis caused by Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens is one of the most important emerging parasitic, mosquito-borne diseases in the oceanic and temperate climate areas of Europe (Raccurt, 1999;

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What is happening outside North America regarding human dirofilariasis?

Cited by 110 publications

References 32 publications

Human and Animal Dirofilariasis: the Emergence of a Zoonotic Mosaic

Human and Animal Dirofilariasis: the Emergence of a Zoonotic Mosaic

Dirofilariasis in Russian Federation: a big problem with large distribution

Impacts of urbanisation level and distance from potential natural mosquito breeding habitats on the abundance of canine dirofilariosis

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