What is kopi luwak? A literature review on production, quality and problems

Muzaifa, Murna; Hasni, Dian; Rahmi, Faidha; Syarifudin,

doi:10.1088/1755-1315/365/1/012041

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Luwak coffee is low in caffeine, low in fat, and low in bitterness. A study of different samples of civet coffee from the Gayo Highlands showed that nutty, fishy, chocolaty, herby, toasty, and earthy flavors were the dominant characteristics [ 3 ]. Coffea arabica berries are first digested by the Asian palm civet ( Paradoxurus hermaphroditus ), then the stools are either collected in the wild or harvested from caged animals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indonesia is the first and main producer of Luwak coffee; it became more popular in 2003 when Oprah Winfrey presented Luwak coffee in her TV show [ 3 ]. Luwak coffee can be produced naturally in the wild, or the animals can be kept in cages, which is referred to as captivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of caged-animal breeding was developed to meet the increasing demand for civet coffee due to the scarcity of wild Luwak coffee horns. However, this approach is challenged by the need to maintain animal nutrition availability and healthy caged production, which is necessary for caged civet-produced coffee that approaches the sensory quality of wild civet-produced coffee [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolite Profiling of Premium Civet Luwak Bio-Transformed Coffee Compared with Conventional Coffee Types, as Analyzed Using Chemometric Tools

et al. 2023

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Luwak (civet) coffee is one of the most precious and exotic coffee commodities in the world. It has garnered an increasing reputation as the rarest and most expensive coffee, with an annual production. Many targeted analytical techniques have been reported for the discrimination of specialty coffee commodities, such as Luwak coffee, from other ordinary coffee. This study presents the first comparative metabolomics approach for Luwak coffee analysis compared to other coffee products, targeting secondary and aroma metabolites using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gas chromatography (GC), or liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). Chemometric modeling of these datasets showed significant classification among all samples and aided in identifying potential novel markers for Luwak coffee from other coffee samples. Markers have indicated that C. arabica was the source of Luwak coffee, with several new markers being identified, including kahweol, chlorogenic acid lactones, and elaidic acid. Aroma profiling using solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) coupled with GC/MS revealed higher levels of guaiacol derivatives, pyrazines, and furans in roasted Luwak coffee compared with roasted C. arabica. Quantification of the major metabolites was attempted using NMR for Luwak coffee to enable future standardization. Lower levels of alkaloids (caffeine 2.85 µg/mg, trigonelline 0.14 µg/mg, and xanthine 0.03 µg/mg) were detected, compared with C. arabica. Other metabolites that were quantified in civet coffee included kahweol and difurfuryl ether at 1.37 and 0.15 µg/mg, respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolite Profiling of Premium Civet Luwak Bio-Transformed Coffee Compared with Conventional Coffee Types, as Analyzed Using Chemometric Tools

et al. 2023

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“…The two most popular coffee varieties are Coffea canephora L. (Robusta) and Coffea arabica L. (Arabika) (Skowron et al, 2020). As one of the expensive and popular coffees derived from those two varieties, Civet coffee (also known as Luwak coffee in Indonesia) is produced less than 127 kg per month, and the price ranges from USD 200-400 per kg, creating this a hundred times more costly than regular coffees (Muzaifa et al, 2019;Jumhawan et al, 2016). Currently, Indonesia has become the main producer of Luwak coffee, followed by East Timor, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, and Ethiopia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2022

JST

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Luwak coffee (palm civet coffee) is known as one of the most expensive coffee in the world.In order to lower production costs, Indonesian producers and retailers often mix highpriced Luwak coffee with regular coffee green beans. However, the absence of tools and methods to classify Luwak coffee counterfeiting makes the sensing method's development urgent. The research aimed to detect and classify Luwak coffee green beans purity into the following purity categories, very low (0-25%), low (25-50%), medium (50-75%), and high (75-100%). The classifying method relied on a low-cost commercial visible light camera and the deep learning model method. Then, the research also compared the performance of four pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN) models consisting of SqueezeNet, GoogLeNet, and AlexNet. At the same time, the sensitivity analysis was performed by setting the CNN parameters such as optimization technique (SGDm, Adam, RMSProp) and the initial learning rate (0.00005 and 0.0001). The training and validation result obtained the GoogLeNet as the best CNN model with optimizer type Adam and learning rate 0.0001, which resulted in 89.65% accuracy. Furthermore, the testing process using confusion matrix from different sample data obtained the best

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“…Oprah Winfrey Show and again in the 2007 film, "The Bucket List" starring Jack Nicholson and Morgan Freeman, kopi luwak is frequently cited as the most expensive coffee in the world due to its rare and unique production (Muzaifa et al, 2019). Yet with its fame came a shift towards caged farming (Shepherd, 2012).…”

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confidence: 99%

Cat-Poo-Chino and Captive Wildlife: Tourist Perceptions of Balinese Kopi Luwak Agrotourism

Hooper

2022

Soc. Animals

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Kopi luwak, known as the world’s most expensive coffee, is made from coffee beans that have been partially digested by the Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus). This study aims to assess how tourists perceive the inclusion of captive civets within curated Balinese kopi luwak tours by analyzing 3,364 reviews of 25 sites housing live civets, posted to the tourist review platform, TripAdvisor, between October 2011 and March 2020. Overall, reviewers concerned with animal welfare were more likely to leave a negative review. Two emergent themes, encounters with caged animals and encounters with sleeping animals, are explored through a multispecies lens. Civet displays are discussed in relation to passive and true animal encounter, animal dignity, shared suffering, and cognitive dissonance. Although caged practices persist across sites, results also indicate new forms of concealed cruelty as civets are likely sedated to enable photographic souvenirs.

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What is kopi luwak? A literature review on production, quality and problems

Cited by 14 publications

References 11 publications

Metabolite Profiling of Premium Civet Luwak Bio-Transformed Coffee Compared with Conventional Coffee Types, as Analyzed Using Chemometric Tools

Metabolite Profiling of Premium Civet Luwak Bio-Transformed Coffee Compared with Conventional Coffee Types, as Analyzed Using Chemometric Tools

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Cat-Poo-Chino and Captive Wildlife: Tourist Perceptions of Balinese Kopi Luwak Agrotourism

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