What is Learned in Mental Practice of Motor Skills: A Test of the Cognitive-Motor Hypothesis

Ryan, E. Dean; Simons, Jeffery P.

doi:10.1123/jsp.5.4.419

Cited by 40 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Novice subjects benefitted more from mental practice on cognitive tasks than on physical tasks. This result is consistent with Ryan and Simons' (1983) argument that if an experienced individual has already learned the component motor skills of a physical task then mental practice may be sufficient to enhance performance without additional physical practice and feedback. But for noLices, who have not formed an approximation of the skill, the symbolic rehearsal provided by mental practice may not be sufficient to guide performance.…”

Section: Mental Practicesupporting

confidence: 91%

Selected alternative training techniques in HRD

Bergen

Soper

Rosenthal

et al. 1997

Human Resource Dev Quarterly

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Over the years a number of training techniques and procedures have been developed that are not part of the mainstream but are believed by some to have utility for organizations trying to enhance human pevformance. This article discusses four of these alternative techniques-subliminal self-help, mental imagery and practice, meditation, and Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP)-and examines the contributions of each from a scient$c perspective. With the exception of mental practice, there is a paucity of data to demonstrate convincingly whcther thesc alternative techniques promote or enhance individual or organizational effectiveness. It is concluded that effective professional practice depends on scientlfically derived research results.Training and development has historically been plagued by charlatans hawking this or that program or approach as having a significant positive impact on profits, effectiveness, absenteeism, turnover, and so on. Fads and techniques that come and go abound in this discipline: participation training is the style for a few years, then total quality management training surfaces; management by objectives comes and zero defects goes; T-groups are the darling of training professionals for a while; time management is "in" and job enrichment is "out"; Kepnor-Tregoe is popular for a time and then the one-minute manager takes its turn in the spotlight. Although these approaches are generally considered mainstream, others that have app eared are less traditional but also have significant followings proclaiming their effectiveness.As a class, the latter techniques are considered extraordinary; they are developed outside of mainstream science and are accompanied by extreme claims for high effectiveness (Austin and Miller, 1992). These claims are often

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Section: Mental Practicesupporting

confidence: 91%

Selected alternative training techniques in HRD

Bergen

Soper

Rosenthal

et al. 1997

Human Resource Dev Quarterly

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It has been found that the higher the level of cognitive involvement in the task, the greater the benefit from mental rehearsal [10,46]. Ryan and Simons altered the amount of motor involvement in the tasks and found that on a high motor task mental practice was not significantly superior to no practice while on a low motor task, mental practice and physical practice groups were insignificantly different, with both significantly superior to the no practice group [62]. Smyth found only insignificant effects of the amount of symbolic content [56J.…”

Section: Type Of Skillmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Mental Practice on Motor Skill Performance: Critical Evaluation and Meta-Analysis

Hinshaw¹

1991

Imagination, Cognition and Personality

109

106

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Empirical research suggests that mental practice may enhance the performance of motor skills. Many variables have been shown to mediate the size and direction of the mental practice effects. The purpose of the present study is to provide an overview of research examining the role played by these variables in mediating the effectiveness of mental practice. In order to integrate the findings in the literature and to further analyze the relative contributions of each of these variables, a meta-analysis was performed according to the procedure outlined by Smith, Glass, and Miller. Twenty-one studies that met the criteria of having both an adequate control and a mental practice alone group were included in the meta-analysis. The forty-four separate effect sizes resulted in an overall average effect size of .68, (SD =.11) indicating that there is a significant benefit to performance of using mental practice over no practice. A series of General Linear Models revealed that the use of "internal" imagery produced a larger average effect size than the use of "external" imagery, and that mental practice sessions of less than one minute or between ten and fifteen minutes in length produced a larger average effect size than sessions of three to five minutes in length. These findings suggest the complexity of the relationship between variables that influence mental practice.Mental practice is a technique by which the mind creates a mental representation of a preconceived idea in order to enhance performance or behavior relating to the realization of that image. The process involves first the formation of an image. The mind then serves as a "training ground" through which the manipulation of 3 c:J 1991, Baywood Publishing Co., Inc.

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“…Esses mecanismos cognitivos podem facilitar os meios para alcance da meta da habilidade-alvo, bem como consolidar estratégias de detecção e correção de erros em estágios mais avançados 20 . A PM, também, permite ativar os músculos que seriam responsáveis pela execução real do movimento.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…A PMsegundo uma abordagem neuromuscular -provoca ativação muscular e reforça representações motoras da habilidade-alvo [15][16][17] . De acordo com uma abordagem cognitiva, durante a PM o aprendiz focaliza a atenção para aspectos relevantes da habilidade-alvo e fortalece mecanismos de processamento de informação, isto é, identifi cação e percepção do estímulo e posterior seleção, programação e execução da resposta motora [18][19][20][21] . O ato de imaginar durante a PM pode envolver tipos distintos de mentalização 9,13,[22][23][24][25] , ou perspectivas de mentalização, as quais são o foco do presente trabalho.…”

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Extroversion, mental practice and imagery in the acquisition of the cartwheel

Moura¹,

Souza²,

Neiva³

et al. 2017

Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte

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O presente trabalho teve como objetivos (1) investigar os efeitos da prática física (PF) associada à prática mental (PM) com mentalização interna (MI) e externa (ME) na aprendizagem da habilidade “estrela” da ginástica artística e (2) correlacionar escores de extroversão e de desempenho na tarefa. Trinta adolescentes (12,93 ± 0,73 anos) foram designadas a dois grupos: 1) PF seguida de PM com ME (n=15) e 2) PF seguida de PM com MI (n=15). O delineamento constou de pré-teste, aquisição, pós-teste, retenção e transferência (todas as fases foram fi lmadas, exceto a aquisição). Os registros em vídeo foram analisados por meio de uma lista de checagem da estrela. O Eysenck Personality Questionnaire foi utilizado para classifi car as participantes quanto a níveis de extroversão. As análises apontaram que houve melhora de desempenho dentro de cada grupo (do pré-teste para os outros testes), mas que em nenhuma das fases houve qualquer diferença signifi cativa entre os grupos. No entanto, uma correlação positiva e moderada foi detectada entre os escores de extroversão e de desempenho no grupo ME. Esses achados reforçam a importância da PM como estratégia complementar à PF e sinalizam a existência de relação entre extroversão, desempenho da estrela e perspectiva de mentalização.

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What is Learned in Mental Practice of Motor Skills: A Test of the Cognitive-Motor Hypothesis

Cited by 40 publications

References 0 publications

Selected alternative training techniques in HRD

Selected alternative training techniques in HRD

The Effects of Mental Practice on Motor Skill Performance: Critical Evaluation and Meta-Analysis

Extroversion, mental practice and imagery in the acquisition of the cartwheel

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