What is needed for a theory of mobility: Direct perceptions and cognitive maps—lessons from the blind.

Strelow, Edward R.

doi:10.1037/0033-295x.92.2.226

Cited by 90 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…The results of the present experiments are not inconsistent with studies that show that visual experience aids spatial understanding, since blindfolded sighted individuals and the late blind may both perform better than the congenitally blind in some mobility tasks (Rieser et al, 1986;Strelow, 1985). We suggest that the early blind may run into difficulty when memory is heavily loaded and performance requires speed.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 42%

Perspective taking, pictures, and the blind

Heller

Kennedy

1990

Perception & Psychophysics

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 42%

Perspective taking, pictures, and the blind

Heller

Kennedy

1990

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…While the roles of visual and sensorimotor systems for spatial navigation are well documented by a large body of empirical data and theoretical developments (cf Paillard 1991;Rieser 1990;Rieser et al 1995;Strelow 1985), relatively little is known about the contributions of visual and sensorimotor information to spatial-knowledge acquisition (Klatzky et al 1997;Vishton and Cutting 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homing in Virtual Environments: Effects of Field of View and Path Layout

1997

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Triangle completion (ie homing to the starting point after completing two legs of a triangle) is a widely used method for examining path-integration abilities in animals and humans. Two experiments are reported in which homing was used to examine the efficiency of purely visual mechanisms (eg optical flow) for spatial-information coding and integration. Adult observers had to complete triangles in an interactively simulated three-dimensional environment which consisted of two critical objects and a homogeneous set of white cylinders serving as background. Each participant completed twenty-seven triangles corresponding to a factorial combination of three geometrical fields of view (40 degrees, 60 degrees, or 80 degrees) and nine triangle layouts (with variations of the first turning angle and the second leg). Homing performances revealed strong effects of triangle layout, but no effect of geometrical fields of view: variations in the amount of simultaneous visible spatial information did not influence the acquisition of spatial knowledge in the environments used. Applying the encoding-error model to the data revealed severe systematic errors of picking up directional information while moving through visually simulated environments. These results are discussed with respect to informational differences between situations of purely visual and nonvisual navigations in space.

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“…Clearly, blind travelers are at a considerable disadvantage relative to the sighted, for vision ordinarily provides information about both the trave!-er's motion and the layout of near and far space (Foulke, 197 1, 1982;Strelow, 1985;Welsh & Blasch, 1980). For the congenitally blind, there is the possibility that they are even more disadvantaged if visual experience is required for the development of normal spatial ability.…”

Section: Nonvisual Navigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…); see Rieser, Guth, and Hill (1982);Strelow (1985). Methods of updating position and orientation can be classified according to the type of information used: position, velocity, or acceleration.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonvisual navigation by blind and sighted: Assessment of path integration ability.

Loomis¹,

Klatzky²,

Golledge³

et al. 1993

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

569

515

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Blindfolded sighted, adventitiously blind, and congenitally blind subjects performed a set of navigation tasks. The more complex tasks involved spatial inference and included retracing a multisegment route in reverse, returning directly to an origin after being led over linear segments, and pointing to targets after locomotion. As a group, subjects responded systematically to route manipulations in the complex tasks, but performance was poor. Patterns of error and response latency are informative about the internal repredentation used; in particular, they do not support the hypothesis that only a representation of the origin of locomotion is maintained. The slight performance differences between groups varying in visual experience were neither large nor consistent across tasks. Results provide little indication that spatial competence strongly depends on prior visual experience.Effective navigation by humans involves a number of skills, including updating one's position and orientation during travel, forming and making use of representations of the environment through which travel takes place, and planning routes subject to various constraints (shortest distance, minimal travel time, maximum safety, etc.); see Rieser, Guth, and Hill (1982);Strelow (1985). Methods of updating position and orientation can be classified according to the type of information used: position, velocity, or acceleration. Position-based navigation (called pilotage or piloting) relies on external signals indicating the observer's position and orientation (Baker, 1981;Etienne, 1992); such signals would include visible or audible landmarks known to the traveler or those from electronic navigation aids. Velocity-

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What is needed for a theory of mobility: Direct perceptions and cognitive maps—lessons from the blind.

Cited by 90 publications

References 95 publications

Perspective taking, pictures, and the blind

Perspective taking, pictures, and the blind

Homing in Virtual Environments: Effects of Field of View and Path Layout

Nonvisual navigation by blind and sighted: Assessment of path integration ability.

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