“…What exactly "OP" means is still being debated, and no set definition has been agreed upon. There are, however, some common elements across multiple definitions, as described by Tietjen and Asino (2021) in their research seeking commonalities across these multiple definitions. They developed a "five-circle framework" to identify the key components of OP, including (1) OP welcomes diverse learners as design partners, (2) OP is a participatory pedagogy, (3) open licenses are essential to foster practices such as remixing, (4) OP encourages all learners, inside and outside the school setting, to contribute to building a knowledge community, and (5) OP fosters a culture of collaboration through sharing and editing (Tietjen & Asino, 2021).…”