What is the Flynn Effect, and how does it change our understanding of <scp>IQ</scp>?

Shenk, David

doi:10.1002/wcs.1366

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The Flynn effect may also explain in part the apparently average or above average functioning of the children. The Flynn effect is the increase in intelligence scores within a population over the years [40]. The Flynn effect may have been enhanced using the WISC-III-NL [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurocognition after prenatal levetiracetam, lamotrigine, carbamazepine or valproate exposure

et al. 2020

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Objective To examine neurocognitive functioning of children exposed prenatally to carbamazepine, lamotrigine, levetiracetam or valproate monotherapy. Methods In a prospective observational study, children aged 6 or 7 years, identified from the European Registry of Antiepileptic Drugs and Pregnancy database in The Netherlands, were assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and the developmental neuropsychological assessment. Maternal IQ was measured using Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Assessors were blinded to drug exposures. Results One hundred and sixty-one children (one set of twins and 21 sibling pairs) of 139 mothers were included. As a group, children achieved average scores on neurocognitive outcomes. Children exposed to valproate (n = 22) performed lower on all six neurocognitive domains, especially language, than those exposed to carbamazepine (n = 32), lamotrigine (n = 82) or levetiracetam (n = 25). After controlling for maternal IQ and drug dose, the verbal IQ of valproate-exposed children was on average 9.1 points lower than those exposed to carbamazepine (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-17.0; p = 0.023), 10.3 lower than lamotrigine-exposed children (CI 3.4-17.3; p = 0.004) and 13.4 lower than levetiracetam-exposed children (CI 5.2-21.6; p = 0.002). No significant dose-effect was found. Virtually no significant differences were found between lamotrigine and levetiracetam or lamotrigine and carbamazepine exposed children. Conclusions Consistent with previous research, valproate-exposed children experienced more problems compared to three other common antiepileptic drugs, while children exposed to lamotrigine, carbamazepine or levetiracetam revealed little to no problems. This illustrates the need for systematic follow-up of prenatally exposed children, to support pre-pregnancy counseling and treatment decisions in women of reproductive age.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurocognition after prenatal levetiracetam, lamotrigine, carbamazepine or valproate exposure

et al. 2020

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“…Because intelligence measures are expected to remain unchanged over time, it is possible that the increasing scores with age reflect literacy or cultural gains among children, a phenomenon described as the Flynn effect. 37 Previous studies of children with asymptomatic congenital CMV infection have also found slightly higher scores at older ages though the groups under comparison did not necessarily include the same group of children followed over time. 5, 6 In contrast to the increasing trend in intelligence scores with increasing age, we found that receptive vocabulary scores increased up to age 12.5 years and then decreased, while scores for expressive vocabulary decreased with increasing age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Intelligence and Academic Achievement With Asymptomatic Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection

Lopez¹,

Lanzieri²,

Claussen³

et al. 2017

Pediatrics

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Objectives To examine intelligence, language, and academic achievement through 18 years of age among children with congenital CMV infection identified through hospital-based newborn screening who were asymptomatic at birth compared to uninfected infants. Methods We used growth curve modeling to analyze trends in intelligence quotient (full-scale, verbal and non-verbal intelligence), receptive and expressive vocabulary, and academic achievement in math and reading. Separate models were fit for each outcome, modeling the change in overall scores with increasing age for case-patients with normal hearing (n=78) or with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) diagnosed by 2 years of age (n=11) and controls (n=40). Results Case-patients with SNHL had full-scale intelligence and receptive vocabulary scores that were 7.0 and 13.1 points lower, respectively, compared to controls, but no significant differences were noted in these scores among case-patients with normal hearing and controls. No significant differences were noted in scores for verbal and non-verbal intelligence, expressive vocabulary, and academic achievement in math and reading among case-patients with normal hearing or with SNHL and controls. Conclusions Infants with asymptomatic congenital CMV infection identified through newborn screening with normal hearing by age 2 years do not appear to have differences in intelligence quotient, vocabulary or academic achievement scores during childhood or adolescence compared with uninfected children.

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“…While the cross-sectional trend is intuitively more explicable, concerns have been raised about potential cohort effects in different age groups that may be confounded with age. These include early developmental variables, e.g., educational opportunities, nutritional access, acculturation, etc., that can result in differences in cognition between generational cohorts that confound the effects of age [ 30 ]. While a significant and robust finding in earlier work, there is increasing evidence that cohort effects, this pattern of increasing cognitive scores in successive generational cohorts over the 20th century, has diminished as environmental factors have stabilized in developed countries [ 31 , 32 ], including the United States [ 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Aging in Older Breast Cancer Survivors

Root

Schofield

et al. 2023

Cancers

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Background: Cancer and cancer treatments may affect aging processes, altering the trajectory of cognitive aging, but the extant studies are limited in their intervals of assessment (two–five years). We studied the cognitive performance of a cohort of survivors and controls aged from 60 to 89 years utilizing cross-sectional cognitive performance data as an indicator of potential aging trajectories and contrasted these trends with longitudinal data collected over two years. Methods: Female breast cancer survivors who had been diagnosed and treated at age 60 or older and were 5- to 15-year survivors (N = 328) and non-cancer controls (N = 158) were assessed at enrollment and at 8, 16, and 24 months with standard neuropsychological tests and comprehensive geriatric assessment. Results: A cross-sectional baseline analysis found the expected inverse association of age with cognition in both groups, with survivors performing lower overall than controls in learning and memory (LM). Younger survivors, i.e., those under 75 years of age, exhibited lower performance in both LM and attention, and processing speed and executive function (APE), compared to controls, with no differences being observed between older survivors and controls, which tracked with deficit accumulation trends. Conclusion: Cognitive differences between the survivors and controls for the LM and APE domains were prominent in younger survivors, as was deficit accumulation, suggesting a mediating effect on cognition. Deficit accumulation may represent a modifiable risk factor in cancer survivorship that may be targeted for prevention and intervention.

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What is the Flynn Effect, and how does it change our understanding of IQ?

Cited by 8 publications

References 9 publications

Neurocognition after prenatal levetiracetam, lamotrigine, carbamazepine or valproate exposure

Neurocognition after prenatal levetiracetam, lamotrigine, carbamazepine or valproate exposure

Intelligence and Academic Achievement With Asymptomatic Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection

Cognitive Aging in Older Breast Cancer Survivors

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