What Is the Impact of Diet on Nutritional Diarrhea Associated with Gut Microbiota in Weaning Piglets: A System Review

Gao, Jing; Yin, Jie; Xu, Kang; Li, Tiejun; Yin, Yulong

doi:10.1155/2019/6916189

Cited by 79 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 194 publications

(222 reference statements)

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“…In the present study, the relative abundances of genera Clostridium and Terrisporobacter were also lower in the gut microbiota of weaned pigs fed GLU than in that of weaned pigs fed CON. Generally, spore-forming Clostridium strains are recognized as the primary cause of diarrhea in neonatal and weaned piglets [ 49 ]. Previous studies reported that the spores and toxins from C. difficile and C. perfringens originated during the lactation period induced high rates of diarrhea and mortality after weaning [ 49 , 50 , 51 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Glutamic Acid Modulates Immune Responses and Gut Health of Weaned Pigs

Kyoung

Lee

Cho

et al. 2021

Animals

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Dietary glutamic acid (GLU) is used as a feed additive because of its functional characteristics that may affect the growth performance and health of pigs. This study was carried out to determine the effects of dietary GLU on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immune responses, and intestinal health of weaned pigs. A total of ninety-six weaned pigs (8.07 ± 1.17 kg of body weight; 28 days of age) were assigned to two dietary treatments (8 pigs/pen; 6 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design (block: body weight): 1) a typical weaner diet (CON) and 2) CON supplemented with 0.5% GLU. The experimental period was for 4 weeks. All data and sample collections were performed at the specific time points during the experimental period. Pigs fed GLU had higher average daily gain and average daily feed intake for the first two weeks and nutrient digestibility than pigs fed CON. In addition, dietary GLU increased villus height to crypt depth ratio, number of goblet cells, and ileal gene expression of claudin family and occludin compared with CON, but decreased serum TNF-α and IL-6 and ileal gene expression of TNF-α. Moreover, pigs fed GLU had increased relative composition of bacterial communities of genus Prevotella and Anaerovibrio and decreased genus Clostridium and Terrisporobacter compared with those fed CON. This study suggests that dietary GLU influences growth performance and health of weaned pigs by modulating nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, ileal gene expression of tight junction proteins and cytokines, immune responses, and microbial community in the gut.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Glutamic Acid Modulates Immune Responses and Gut Health of Weaned Pigs

Kyoung

Lee

Cho

et al. 2021

Animals

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“…While many studies have examined the role of dietary fibre and CP content in the post-weaning piglet diet, the role of fat in piglet nutrition has received only limited attention. This gap in knowledge is surprising, given that the ability of piglets to digest fat is impaired during the immediate post-weaning period, especially in case of diarrhoea [ 202 ]. The fat source used in post-weaning piglet diets should therefore be easily digestible.…”

Section: Post-weaning Nutritional Strategies During the Acute Phasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Nutritional Strategies to Shape the Gastro-Intestinal Tracts of Suckling and Weaned Piglets

Hüting

Middelkoop

Guan

et al. 2021

Animals

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This is a comprehensive review on the use of nutritional strategies to shape the functioning of the gastro-intestinal tract in suckling and weaned piglets. The progressive development of a piglet’s gut and the associated microbiota and immune system offers a unique window of opportunity for supporting gut health through dietary modulation. This is particularly relevant for large litters, for which sow colostrum and milk are insufficient. The authors have therefore proposed the use of supplemental milk and creep feed with a dual purpose. In addition to providing nutrients to piglets, supplemental milk can also serve as a gut modulator in early life by incorporating functional ingredients with potential long-term benefits. To prepare piglets for weaning, it is important to stimulate the intake of solid feed before weaning, in addition to stimulating the number of piglets eating. The use of functional ingredients in creep feed and a transition diet around the time of weaning helps to habituate piglets to solid feed in general, while also preparing the gut for the digestion and fermentation of specific ingredients. In the first days after weaning (i.e., the acute phase), it is important to maintain high levels of feed intake and focus on nutritional strategies that support good gastric (barrier) function and that avoid overloading the impaired digestion and fermentation capacity of the piglets. In the subsequent maturation phase, the ratio of lysine to energy can be increased gradually in order to stimulate piglet growth. This is because the digestive and fermentation capacity of the piglets is more mature at this stage, thus allowing the inclusion of more fermentable fibres. Taken together, the nutritional strategies addressed in this review provide a structured approach to preparing piglets for success during weaning and the period that follows. The implementation of this approach and the insights to be developed through future research can help to achieve some of the most important goals in pig production: reducing piglet mortality, morbidity and antimicrobial use.

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“…Diet is one of the main factors capable of modulating the gut microbial profile; thus, several reviews dealing with the effects of post-weaning diets on microbiota have been published [10][11][12][13]. Feeding measures of the post-weaning phase should contribute to reducing the gap between the pre-and the post-weaning phases, and, focusing on the gut microbiota, these should promote and restore the intestinal microbial eubiosis which was lost with weaning [88].…”

Section: Post-weaning Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An efficient way of modulating the intestinal microbiota is to regulate the nutritional composition of the diet, including the content of protein, starch and fiber [12,110,111]. As for other mammals, it has been well established that the ratio and type of protein and fiber play a key role in the modulation of the gut microbiota, affecting the development and establishment of beneficial (lactic acid bacteria) or opportunistic/pathogenic bacteria, which, in turn, can affect the intestinal health of the host [112,113].…”

Section: Post-weaning Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The omics techniques, including next generation sequencing (NGS), have been applied to describe the contribution of some factors to the modulation of the gut microbial profile during early life of piglets. Several reviews already describe the evolution of the gut microbial profile in early life [8] and the main effect of diet [10][11][12][13]. However, further elucidation regarding the effect of several additional factors, including genetics, environmental and management stressors, live weight or physiological conditions, such as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), are still lacking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Timely Control of Gastrointestinal Eubiosis: A Strategic Pillar of Pig Health

et al. 2021

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The pig gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is an open ecosystem in which microorganisms and their host are mutually involved and continually adapt to different factors and problems which may or may not be host dependent or due to the production system. The aim of the present review is to highlight the factors affecting the GIT microbial balance in young pigs, focusing on the pre- and post-weaning phases, to define a road map for improving pig health and the production efficiency of the food chain. Birth and weaning body weight, physiological maturation, colostrum and milk (composition and intake), genetic background, environmental stressors and management practices, antibiotic use and diet composition are considered. Overall, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the effect that some factors, including weaning age, the use of creep feed, the composition of the colostrum and milk and the use of antibiotics, may have on the gut microbiome of piglets. Furthermore, the information on the gut microbiome of piglets is mainly based on the taxonomy description, while there is a lack of knowledge regarding the functional modification of the microbiota, essential for the exploitation of microbiota potential for modulating pig physiology.

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What Is the Impact of Diet on Nutritional Diarrhea Associated with Gut Microbiota in Weaning Piglets: A System Review

Cited by 79 publications

References 194 publications

Dietary Glutamic Acid Modulates Immune Responses and Gut Health of Weaned Pigs

Dietary Glutamic Acid Modulates Immune Responses and Gut Health of Weaned Pigs

Using Nutritional Strategies to Shape the Gastro-Intestinal Tracts of Suckling and Weaned Piglets

Timely Control of Gastrointestinal Eubiosis: A Strategic Pillar of Pig Health

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