What is the role of Toll-like receptors in bacterial infections?

Gerold, Gisa; Zychlinsky, Arturo; Diego, Juana L. de

doi:10.1016/j.smim.2006.12.003

Cited by 67 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Indeed, since LPS induced apoptosis in luteal cell cultures (Grant et al 2007, Mishra & Dhali 2007, the possibility of a direct effect of LPS on the bovine CL should be considered. The direct effects of LPS on target organs depend, however, on the local presence of its specific receptor, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) (Gerold et al 2007, Kannaki et al 2011, the mRNA expression of which has recently been shown in the bovine mid-cycle CL (Lü ttgenau et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LPS-mediated effects and spatio-temporal expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the bovine corpus luteum

Lüttgenau¹,

Herzog²,

Strüve³

et al. 2016

Reproduction

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When given intravenously (iv), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) transiently suppresses the structure and function of the bovine corpus luteum (CL). This is associated with increased release of prostaglandin (PG) F 2a metabolite. The underlying regulatory mechanisms of this process remain, however, obscure. Therefore, the aims of this study were: i) to investigate the expression of the LPS receptor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and 2 (TLR2) in the bovine CL during early, mid-and late luteal phases; and ii) to further dissect the mechanisms of LPS-mediated suppression of luteal function. As revealed by semi-quantitative qPCR and immunohistochemistry, both receptors were detectable throughout the luteal lifespan. Their mRNA levels increased from the early toward the mid-luteal phase; no further changes were observed thereafter. The TLR4 protein seemed more highly represented than TLR2. The cellular localization of TLRs was in blood vessels; weaker signals were observed in luteal cells. Additionally, cows were treated either with LPS (iv, 0.5 mg/kg BW) or with saline on Day 10 after ovulation. Samples were collected 1200 h after treatment and on Day 10 of the respective subsequent (untreated) cycle. The mRNA expression of several possible regulatory factors was investigated, revealing the suppression of PGF 2a receptor (PTGFR), STAR protein and 3b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, compared with controls and subsequent cycles. The expression of TLR2 and TLR4, interleukin 1a (IL1A) and 1b (IL1B) and of PGF 2a and PGE 2 synthases (HSD20A and mPTGES respectively) was increased. The results demonstrate the presence of TLR2 and TLR4 in the bovine CL, and implicate their possible involvement in the deleterious effects of LPS on its function.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LPS-mediated effects and spatio-temporal expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the bovine corpus luteum

Lüttgenau¹,

Herzog²,

Strüve³

et al. 2016

Reproduction

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“…Ligand binding to PRRs triggers signaling cascades leading to the production of various types of mediators including several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines involved in innate immunity (extensively reviewed in refs. [23][24][25][26][27]. Depending on the molecular nature of the pathogen-derived stimulus, the resident target sentinel cell type and the associated PRRs may vary in different host tissues as well as in different host species.…”

Section: Toll-like Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…26,73 The ability of TLR2 to recognize a broad range of different ligands is partially explained by its association with either TLR1 or TLR6. 95 Additionally, TLR2 can recognize zymosan in association with the structurally unrelated C-type lectin family known as dectin-1.…”

Section: S Aureus Infections In Murine Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of TLR- / NLR-signaling and the associated cytokines involved in recruitment of neutrophils in murine models ofStaphylococcus aureusinfection

Sethi

Chakraborty

2011

Virulence

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“…The critical role of TLRs to bacterial and viral recognition is well appreciated (reviewed by Barton [7] and Zychlinsky and colleagues [8]). It is also increasingly clear that the relative contribution of TLRs or other classes of pattern recognition receptors may vary depending on the pathogen.…”

Section: Tlr-mediated Antimicrobial Defensementioning

confidence: 99%

TLR-mediated innate immune recognition

Medzhitov

2007

Seminars in Immunology

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Immune recognition has always been one of the main points of interest in immunology. It is well appreciated that there are several distinct strategies of immune recognition that operate in the mammalian immune system. These are traditionally grouped as innate and adaptive, based on the use of either germline-encoded or somatically-generated receptors, respectively. Beyond the genetic nature of the receptors involved, however, the distinction between the two types of immune recognition is not always clear-cut. For example, complement receptors, TLRs, and presumably other types of non-clonal "innate" immune receptors can cooperate with B cell receptors in pathogen recognition, and this involves, at least in some cases, co-recognition by the two types of receptors. In addition, the architecture of antigen receptor complexes bears a striking resemblance to a class of innate immune receptor complexes that signal through ITAM-containing adaptor proteins, such as DAP12. In both cases multi-protein receptor complexes are assembled through ionic interactions between charged residues in the transmembrane regions and signal through similar pathways involving ITAM dependent activation of Syk-72 and ZAP-70.Although the classification of immune recognition into innate and adaptive is useful in many ways, it may obscure the heterogeneity of receptors and mechanisms of innate immune recognition. Indeed, the mammalian innate immune system uses several different classes of receptors, including TLRs, NODs, and NALPS, Dectins, RIG-I and MDA-5 and others [1,2]. Some of the receptors are transmembrane proteins (e.g., TLRs and Dectins), some are secreted (e.g., penthaxins and collectins), and some are intracellular cytoplasmic receptors (e.g., RIG-I/MDA-5, NODs).

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What is the role of Toll-like receptors in bacterial infections?

Cited by 67 publications

References 85 publications

LPS-mediated effects and spatio-temporal expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the bovine corpus luteum

LPS-mediated effects and spatio-temporal expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the bovine corpus luteum

Role of TLR- / NLR-signaling and the associated cytokines involved in recruitment of neutrophils in murine models ofStaphylococcus aureusinfection

TLR-mediated innate immune recognition

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