“…While these metaphorical conceptualizations may indeed eventually become adopted by the wider Singlish-speaking community via the adoption of the metaphorical expression as a loanword even by non-speakers of the origin language, another way these conceptual metaphors may become active in their cognitions is via the adoption of the original loanword's calque in English, given that English is the common language bridging speakers with different ethnic languages. English calques have been recognised as a fairly frequent occurrence in the Singlish lexicon, with substantial research existing regarding these linguistic items (e.g., Bao, 1995;Alsagoff, 1998). The pool of calques in the Singlish lexicon includes calques of metaphorical loan expressions, which are direct translations of non-English metaphorical expressions.…”