“…While empirical large-N survey research on political behavior has focused predominantly on the act of voting, scholars began paying close attention to diverse acts of political participation beyond the electoral arena already in the 1970s (e.g., Barnes & Kaase, 1979;Verba & Nie, 1972). Subsequent research has affirmed the increased prevalence over time of nonelectoral participation in a variety of political acts and in diverse contexts (e.g., Albacete, 2014;Copeland & Boulianne, 2020;Dalton, 2008Dalton, , 2015Giugni & Grasso, 2018;Grasso, 2016;Ohme et al, 2018;Oser & Boulianne, 2020;Schlozman et al, 2018;Theocharis & van Deth, 2018;van Deth, 2020;Verba et al, 1995;Vráblíková, 2014Vráblíková, , 2016. The increased prevalence of political participation beyond the electoral arena highlights the importance of developing theories and research designs that consider how individuals combine the full range of political behavior in their personal repertoires of participation-from the most common act of voting, to the relatively rare act of protest.…”