What made southwest German firms innovative around 1900? Assessing the importance of intra- and inter-industry externalities

Baten, Jörg; Spadavecchia, Anna; Streb, Jochen; Yin, Shuxi

doi:10.1093/oep/gpm032

Cited by 35 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Moreover, our findings can be taken as microeconomic evidence for the existence of knowledge spillovers between firms and regions, which were identified in recent cliometric research about Imperial Germany by Streb et al (2006Streb et al ( , 2007 and Baten et al (2007). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…In addition, Streb et al (2007) demonstrate the existence of knowledge spillovers between the textile and dyestuff industry: innovations in one branch caused output and innovations in the other branch. Furthermore, Baten et al (2007) illustrate the positive impact of intra-and inter-industry knowledge externalities for the innovative activity of firms located in Baden, a small state in south-west Germany. In summary, the evaluation of patent data using econometric methods reveals an impact of knowledge spillovers on innovativeness in Germany at the turn of the 20 th century.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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The Historical Market for Technology Licenses: Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, and Electrical Engineering in Imperial Germany

Burhop

Lübbers

2009

SSRN Journal

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. A regression analysis shows that licensing contracts closed before a patent was granted and contracts closed between firms and individual inventors had a higher probability of including a profit-sharing clause. This supports Jensen and Thursby's (2001) model, who propose equity-sharing licensing contracts to solve moral hazard problems. Moreover, we show that milestones were a substitute for profit shares. Furthermore, exclusive licences offered a significantly higher profit share to the licensor. O 32, L 14 Terms of use: Documents in JEL

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

The Historical Market for Technology Licenses: Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, and Electrical Engineering in Imperial Germany

Burhop

Lübbers

2009

SSRN Journal

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“…Chandler (2006) describes this period, known as the Second Industrial Revolution, mentioning the rise of both the chemical and electrical-engineering sectors and their important innovations, such as the technology of synthetic dyes and the long-distance telegraph. Baten et al (2007), using a dataset of 2,400 firms in Baden, investigate various possible determinants of innovativeness around the year 1900. One of their main findings is the significant positive impact of firm size.…”

Section: The Controversial Debatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to this,Baten et al (2007) mention that small firms benefit more from technical and commercial schools in their neighborhoods.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Do technological booms matter? New evidence on the relationship between firm size and innovativeness

Degner

2010

Cliometrica

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Many papers have been written about the effect of firm size on innovativeness, revealing a positive, a negative or a mixed impact. To this day, the so-called Schumpeterian hypothesis of the above-average innovativeness of large firms has neither been confirmed nor rejected, often because of insufficient data or a too-short observation period. Many studies concentrate only on a specific region or sector, or they analyze a very short time period. Windows of technological opportunities, providing technological booms for both firms and sectors, have not yet been investigated. An analysis of Germany’s chemical, metal and electrical-engineering sectors between 1877 and 1932 reveals that the sector-specific long-term relationship between firm size and innovativeness is negative, except during times of specific technological booms. In combination with firm-specific characteristics, this new aspect can contribute to a better understanding of the long-term relationship between firm size and innovativeness.Innovation, Firm Size, Technology, Patents

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“…See, for example, Baten et al., ‘Southwest German firms’; Burhop, ‘Transfer of patents’; Burhop and Wolf, ‘German market’; Cinnirella and Streb, ‘Human capital’; Richter and Streb, ‘Catching‐up’; Streb et al., ‘Technological knowledge spillover’; Streb et al., ‘Knowledge spill‐over from new to old industries’.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Technology transfer via foreign patents in Germany, 1843–77

Donges

Selgert

2018

The Economic History Review

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This article analyses the spread of innovation in mid-nineteenth-century Germany using foreign patents as an indicator for technology transfer. It introduces a new dataset of over 1,400 patents granted in the Grand Duchy of Baden between 1843 and 1877. The data show that Baden's technology import via foreign patents from German and non-German inventors was important. This technology transfer was broadly based, although technologies related to the textile and machine-building industries are prominent in the data. The decision to file a patent in Baden was driven by competition and the risk of imitation. Using a gravity model with city-level data, we find evidence that technology transfer through patents reflected existing trade links. The strong correlation between technologies filed by foreigners and domestic inventors provides further evidence that the risk of imitation fostered patent-based technology transfer during the mid-nineteenth century. Furthermore, we show that foreigners filed patents predominantly in industries that accounted for a high share of the workforce in Baden.

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What made southwest German firms innovative around 1900? Assessing the importance of intra- and inter-industry externalities

Cited by 35 publications

References 30 publications

The Historical Market for Technology Licenses: Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, and Electrical Engineering in Imperial Germany

The Historical Market for Technology Licenses: Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, and Electrical Engineering in Imperial Germany

Do technological booms matter? New evidence on the relationship between firm size and innovativeness

Technology transfer via foreign patents in Germany, 1843–77

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