What makes an explosion happen?

Abstract

Energy density and structure stability are of key concerns in designing and synthesizing energetic materials such as CNHC molecular crystals and the emerging cyclo-N5complexes for desired explosive functionalities with a mechanism being open for exploration. An extension of the recent progress in solvation [Sun, Unprecedented O::O compression and HH fragilization in Lewis solutions (perspective).

From Nitro- to Heterocycle-Functionalized 1,2,4-Triazol-3-one Derivatives: Achieving High-Performance Insensitive Energetic Compounds

“…Energetic materials represent a series of metastable chemicals that can store and release a vast amount of energy on demand. − Despite the fact that thousands of new potential explosives are designed and prepared every year, few can withstand the high standards and strict requirements to be not only highly energetic and insensitive but also environmentally friendly, thermally stable, cost-effective, and compatible with metal as well as other materials. − 5-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (NTO), as a milestone in energetic material history, has superior properties with a high density, low sensitivity, and low cost. , Because NTO is a nitro-functionalized 1,2,4-triazol-3-one (TO) derivative, it is worth exploiting more energetic compounds based on the TO skeleton. However, a literature investigation indicates that TO derivatives are rarely reported as energetic materials (Figure a), − largely resulting from the lack of efficient methods for constructing the TO skeleton.…”

Discriminative Mechanical and Thermal Response of the H–N Bonds for the Energetic LLM-105 Molecular Assembly

“…This Letter aims to show that the Raman spectroscopic refinement has enabled resolution of the intra- and intermolecular O:H–N bond relaxation in responding to mechanical and thermal perturbation with the discovery of the common attribute of hydrogen bond O:H–N/O cooperativity and polarizability (HBCP) shared by the intermolecular interactions of LLM-105, H 2 O, TATB, and (N 4 2– ; N 5 – ): n (H 3 O + ; NH 4 + ) complexes (5 ≥ n ≥ 3), explosives, − and Biurea (C 2 H 6 N 4 O 2 ) and Oxamide (C 2 H 4 N 2 O 2 ) compounds as food additives and fertilizers. , The HBCP is responsible for the structure stabilization, energy storage, and exploration . Interested readers are referred to Figures S1 and S3 for detailed information.…”

“…23,24 The HBCP is responsible for the structure stabilization, energy storage, and exploration. 4 Interested readers are referred to Figures S1 and S3 for detailed information. Figure S1 18 shows the respective HBCP and the bond order-length-strength (BOLS) scaling relations for the coupled O:H−O bond segmental relaxation and the undercoordination-induced bond contraction.…”

“…Molecular stabilization and energy storage determine the impact of radiation at explosion and the sensitivity to activation of energetic materials (EMs). , Optimizing both the impact power density and stability of an EM remains a great challenge . Therefore, it is critical to understand how the molecules interact and how the EM stores excessive energy at the molecular level. − LLM-105 (C 4 H 4 N 6 O 5 ), − or 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide, is a typical platform for EM study because of its excellent performance compared with other explosives such as HMX (C 4 H 8 N 8 O 8 ) and TATB (C 6 H 6 N 6 O 6 ) in terms of energy density; thermal stability; and sensitivity to shock, spark, and friction. ,, …”