What makes music memorable? Relationships between acoustic musical features and music-evoked emotions and memories in older adults

Abstract

Background and objectives Music has a unique capacity to evoke both strong emotions and vivid autobiographical memories. Previous music information retrieval (MIR) studies have shown that the emotional experience of music is influenced by a combination of musical features, including tonal, rhythmic, and loudness features. Here, our aim was to explore the relationship between music-evoked emotions and music-evoked memories and how musical features (derived with MIR) can predict them both. Methods Healthy older adults (N = 113, age ≥ 60 years) participated in a listening task in which they rated a total of 140 song excerpts comprising folk songs and popular songs from 1950s to 1980s on five domains measuring the emotional (valence, arousal, emotional intensity) and memory (familiarity, autobiographical salience) experience of the songs. A set of 24 musical features were extracted from the songs using computational MIR methods. Principal component analyses were applied to reduce multicollinearity, resulting in six core musical components, which were then used to predict the behavioural ratings in multiple regression analyses. Results All correlations between behavioural ratings were positive and ranged from moderate to very high (r = 0.46–0.92). Emotional intensity showed the highest correlation to both autobiographical salience and familiarity. In the MIR data, three musical components measuring salience of the musical pulse (Pulse strength), relative strength of high harmonics (Brightness), and fluctuation in the frequencies between 200–800 Hz (Low-mid) predicted both music-evoked emotions and memories. Emotional intensity (and valence to a lesser extent) mediated the predictive effect of the musical components on music-evoked memories. Conclusions The results suggest that music-evoked emotions are strongly related to music-evoked memories in healthy older adults and that both music-evoked emotions and memories are predicted by the same core musical features.

Striking a chord

“…Another study found similar results, specifically increased Mini-Mental State Examination scores following music interventions and significantly enhanced orientation, language, and memory 7. Exploring the correlations between music, emotions, and memory may offer more specific guidance on future interventions and implementation 8. The majority of the studies demonstrated music to be an inexpensive, effective, and nonintrusive method for improving depression, anxiety, and neuropsychiatric symptoms resulting from dementia.…”

“…7 Exploring the correlations between music, emotions, and memory may offer more specific guidance on future interventions and implementation. 8 The majority of the studies demonstrated music to be an inexpensive, effective, and nonintrusive method for improving depression, anxiety, and neuropsychiatric symptoms resulting from dementia.…”

Music Therapy and Advanced Dementia

“…Music has long been appreciated for its therapeutic value. Historically, music was believed to heal the mind and body, though the underlying rationale was largely magical [20]. It has been shown that music can express and arouse emotions, as well as memories in healthy seniors.…”

“…Further, there seems to be a correlation between music-evoked emotion and memory. Salakka al. (2021) found a strong correlation between emotion, memory, and music [20].…”

“…Salakka al. (2021) found a strong correlation between emotion, memory, and music [20]. Interestingly, Jacobsen et al (2015) found that brain regions storing musical memory in people with AD showed substantially minimal cortical atrophy, meaning musical is well preserved [10].…”