, representatives from two mortgage insurance firms, and numerous seminar and conference participants for helpful comments and suggestions. Jeremy Kirk provided outstanding research assistance. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Federal Reserve Board, its staff, or National Bureau of Economic Research. Any remaining errors are our own. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.