What Role Does the Barrier Layer Play During Extreme El Niño Events?

Zhang, Xiaolin; Sprintall, Janet; Zeng, Lili

doi:10.1029/2020jc017001

Cited by 6 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(78 reference statements)

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“…X. Zhang et al. (2021) quantified thermohaline effects on zonal currents at 165°E and found that the salinity effect is a major cause of variability in zonal current anomalies at the edge of the western Pacific fresh and warm pool. Chakraborty et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zhang & Busalacchi, 2009; R.‐H. Zhang et al., 2012; Zheng et al., 2014; Zhi, Zhang, Lin, & Yu, 2019), and the other with pressure gradients associated with density (G. C. Johnson et al., 2002; X. Zhang et al., 2021). Among the two influence pathways, less attention has been paid to the salinity role in modulating currents (the pathway with pressure gradients due to salinity effect on density).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…X. Zhang et al (2021) quantified thermohaline effects on zonal currents at 165°E and found that the salinity effect is a major cause of variability in zonal current anomalies at the edge of the western Pacific fresh and warm pool. Chakraborty et al (2014) found that the assimilation of SSS in an OGCM leads to significant improvements in current simulation, with its pronounced impact on the migration of thermohaline fronts in the western Pacific.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ocean salinity modulates the ocean state via two pathways: one with mixed layer depth (Gao et al, 2020;Kang et al, 2017;R.-H. Zhang & Busalacchi, 2009;R.-H. Zhang et al, 2012;Zheng et al, 2014;Zhi, Zhang, Lin, & Yu, 2019), and the other with pressure gradients associated with density (G. C. Johnson et al, 2002;X. Zhang et al, 2021).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Surface Currents in the Equatorial Pacific

Chen

Gao

2022

JGR Oceans

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Surface currents in the equatorial Pacific play a key role in determining thermohaline structures in the upper ocean, thus acting to modulate the tropical Pacific mean state and interannual variability. In turn, the thermohaline structure and its variability can also affect surface currents by changing ocean density and pressure gradients. Currently, the thermohaline effects on the surface currents have not been well understood, especially for the salinity role. In this study, the thermohaline effects on surface currents in the equatorial Pacific are systematically evaluated based on an analytical scheme, which is used to calculate surface currents in producing the Ocean Surface Current Analysis Real‐time (OSCAR) product. Several calculations are performed with the original OSCAR‐based scheme and an improved scheme including the salinity effect. It is demonstrated that the thermohaline effects are generally dominated by the temperature role, but the salinity effect plays a non‐negligible role near the dateline and in the far eastern Pacific. The thermohaline effects are quantified and highlighted on seasonal and interannual time scales. For annual mean surface currents, temperature and salinity effects work together to weaken zonal currents north of the equator, with their reduced amplitude by about half. Seasonally, the thermohaline effects are dominant in spring due to the weakened wind effect. Interannually, the salinity effect explains up to 25% of the total variance in the far eastern equatorial Pacific. This study highlights the substantial contributions of thermohaline anomalies to surface current variabilities, in which salinity can play an important contributing role.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Surface Currents in the Equatorial Pacific

Chen

Gao

2022

JGR Oceans

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“…Os processos naturais que ocorrem na camada da atmosfera terrestre, os chamados fenômenos atmosféricos, como El Niño e La Niña, conhecidos como o fenômeno El Niño Oscilação Sul (ENOS) têm em comum o fato de originarem-se no Oceano Pacífico e trazerem consequências para o clima de todo o mundo, embora de formas diferentes. Quanto a sua formação, sabe-se que é resultante das interações anômalas entre ar e mar que ocorrem irregularmente no Oceano Pacífico Equatorial, pois ocorre o aquecimento das águas que, junto com os ventos alísios em baixos níveis, ocasiona um represamento das águas quentes no oeste do Oceano Pacífico (Zhang et al, 2021;Glantz, 2015;Andrade, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Os índices de anomalia de chuva e sua relação com o El Niño oscilação sul na bacia hidrográfica do rio Tapajós

Ferreira

Batista

Costa

et al. 2022

RSD

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Como resultado da alteração do padrão de circulação atmosférica causada por fenômenos climáticos, em algumas áreas do Brasil ocorrem secas extremas, em outras, chuvas torrenciais. Tais aspectos permitem inferir a respeito das problemáticas socioambientais e econômicos resultantes destes fenômenos. Diante disto, este trabalho buscou analisar a relação dos eventos El Niño Oscilação Sul (ENOS) com índice de anomalias de chuva (IAC). As séries históricas de precipitação pluviométrica utilizadas foram da estação Santarém (1969 a 2019) e estação Nova Maringá (1984 a 2020), classificando os eventos ENOS dentro destes períodos, através do Índice de Oscilação do Niño (ION). Com isso, observou-se a partir da classificação do IAC, que os fenômenos fortes como extremamente seco e extremamente úmido, coincidiram com a classificação dos fenômenos ENOS de El Niño e La Niña para estação Santarém. Os fenômenos El Niño e La Niña pouco causa efeitos evidentes no Número de dias de chuvas para a estação Maringá. Através do estudo realizado para analisar as variações mensais e anuais das precipitações pluviais através do IAC, mostrou-se que estas ocorrem na maioria dos casos por influência do fenômeno ENOS mais intensos, fazendo chover mais ou menos naquela região. Comparando os resultados encontrados para o sul da bacia (Nova Maringá) e para o norte (Santarém), observa-se que a influência dos eventos ENOS é mais forte para a região norte da bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Tapajós (BHRT).

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Improved forecast of 2015/16 El Niño event in an experimental coupled seasonal ensemble forecasting system

Ray

Stefanova²,

et al. 2023

Clim Dyn

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To improve NOAA’s seasonal forecasting capabilities, a new coupled system within the Unified Forecast System (UFS) framework is being developed through a community-wide effort led by NOAA’s Environmental Modeling Center targeting the configuration of a future operational Seasonal Forecast System (SFS v1). An experimental version of this ensemble seasonal forecasting system is tested on forecasting the strong El Niño of 2015/16. The then-operational systems and NCEP real-time seasonal forecasts (CFSv2) underestimated its strength towards the end of 2015 and beginning of 2016. In addition to perturbing the atmospheric initial conditions, run-time stochastic physics-based perturbations are applied in both atmosphere and ocean components of this new coupled system to represent the model uncertainties. The UFS ensembles are initialized on June 1st, 2015 and run through a 9-month period. Compared to CFSv2, the forecast of Niño 3.4 SST and intra-seasonal zonal windstress for the 2015/16 El Niño in the UFS system are improved, as is the ensemble spread. A cold SST forecast error develops in the central equatorial Pacific, likely from excess evaporative cooling, shallower thermocline, and an excessively strong vertical current shear driven cooling. Near the eastern equatorial Pacific coast, on the other hand, warm surface and cool subsurface errors persist from initialization until the end of the forecast. The results suggest that further improvement in the seasonal forecast may be achieved by a combination of factors, including, but not limited to, improving the coupled system initialization, along with the atmospheric physics.

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What Role Does the Barrier Layer Play During Extreme El Niño Events?

Cited by 6 publications

References 39 publications

Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Surface Currents in the Equatorial Pacific

Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Surface Currents in the Equatorial Pacific

Os índices de anomalia de chuva e sua relação com o El Niño oscilação sul na bacia hidrográfica do rio Tapajós

Improved forecast of 2015/16 El Niño event in an experimental coupled seasonal ensemble forecasting system

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