What Ruined Your Cake: Impacts of Code Modifications on Bug Distribution

Abstract

In the current decade, software systems have been more intensively employed in every aspect of our lives. However, it is disappointing that the quality of software is far from satisfactory. More importantly, the complexity and size of today's software systems are increasing dramatically, which means that the number of required modifications is also increasing exponentially. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how function-level modifications impact the distribution of software bugs. In addition, other factors such as a function's structural characteristics as well as attributes of functions themselves may also serve as informative indicators for software fault prediction. In this paper, we perform statistical methods and logistic regression to analyze the possible factors that are related to the distribution of software bugs. We demonstrate our study from the following five perspectives: 1) the distribution of bugs in time and space; 2) the distribution of function-level modifications in time and space; 3) the relationship between function-level modifications and functions' fault-proneness; 4) the relationship between functional attributes and functions' fault-proneness; and 5) the relationship between software structural characteristics and functions' fault-proneness. INDEX TERMS Bug, bug distribution, defected software systems, modifications, open source projects.

Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Education: Benefits, Challenges and Strategies of Implementation

“…Our study is also driven by a concern for the implications of the human factor due to the increasing evidence of the apprehension raised against the proliferation of artificial intelligence since the variety of its applications seems to be immeasurable, ranging from computer games [6,7], decision-making [8]- [10], education [11]- [16], enterprise management [17]- [19], grid computing [20]- [23], knowledge management [24]- [27], learning systems [28]- [31], ontologies [32]- [34], smart cities [35]- [37], and software engineering [38]- [40], to name just a few. On the contrary, we attempt to argue that AI can amplify educational effectiveness, concerned with sharing, developing and disseminating knowledge, at the same time preserving human autonomy, agency and capabilities.…”