What rural restructuring?

Urban–rural transformation in relation to cultivated land conversion in China: Implications for optimizing land use and balanced regional development

“…It possesses changes that rural Europe used to experience during the early-to-mid twentieth century and rural restructuring in contemporary Europe (Cloke et al, 1997;Hoggart and Paniagua, 2001;Robinson, 2004;Woods, 2005Woods, , 2011. As a result, rural transformation driven by related policies induced tremendous land-use changes in rural China (Deng et al, 2009).…”

Accelerated restructuring in rural China fueled by ‘increasing vs. decreasing balance’ land-use policy for dealing with hollowed villages

“…Indeed, China's rural transformation is arguably unique in scale and speed. It is distinctive not only because of the rapidity of change, but also because it combines changes that were experienced in rural Europe during the early-to-mid twentieth century (such as urbanization, depopulation, industrialization and the decreasing importance of agricultural employment) with aspects of contemporary European rural restructuring (such as the comodification of rural cultural and environmental resources, and integration into global networks) (see for example, Cloke et al, 1997;Gant et al, 2011;Hoggart and Paniagua, 2001;Robinson, 2004;Woods, 2005Woods, , 2010Woods, , 2011. As such, whilst there are lessons to be learned from the 'west' and opportunities for policy transfer in areas such as economic development, conservation and land use planning (e.g., Tan et al, 2009Tan et al, , 2011, there is also a need for distinctively Chinese policy solutions.…”

Peri-urban agricultural development in Beijing: Varied forms, innovative practices and policy implications

“…"Multifunctional agriculture" refers to agriculture-related activities that create commodity and non-commodity outputs to satisfy market demands and public requirements (Bjørkhaug & Richards, 2008;Buller & Morris, 2004). Besides food production, PUA also enriches the social and ecological values of agriculture, including the rural landscapes (OrtizMiranda, P erez, & Faus, 2010) and cultural identity of the rural idyll (Hoggart & Paniagua, 2001). Generally, PUA addresses a wider spectrum of production through multifunctional development (Wilson, 2007).…”

“…In contemporary society, agricultural depression has been observed in many regions (Hoggart & Paniagua, 2001). Although it faces great pressure from urbanisation, agriculture is still essential to maintaining and promoting rural development with high added value by providing social and environmental goods.…”

“…Although the roles of multifunctional agriculture are often a topic for European rural and agricultural policy, who can benefit from it and how are seldom discussed (McCarthy, 2005). Also, with the multifunctional transition, farmers face increasing uncertainties and complexities of economic diversification (Hoggart & Paniagua, 2001). It remains a big step forward to innovate farming in rural development and translate the multifunctional discourses into concrete, implementable policies (Clark, 2006;Marsden & Sonnino, 2008).…”