What’s in a context? Cautions, limitations, and potential paths forward

Stark, Shauna M.; Reagh, Zachariah M.; Yassa, Michael A.; Stark, Craig E.L.

doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2017.05.022

Cited by 35 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…People's decisions are often informed by prior experiences, reflecting the influence of memory on decision making (e.g., Ludvig et al, 2015;Murty et al, 2016;Shohamy & Daw, 2015). Context has a large impact on memory (see Stark et al, 2018, for a review), leading, for example, to reduced recall when the location changes between study and test (Hupbach et al, 2007;Smith et al, 1978) and playing a prominent role in computational models of memory recall (Howard & Kahana, 2002). Context also significantly influences choice: other available options in a context can lead to range adaptation (Bavard et al, 2018) or even preference reversal in multi-attribute choice (Huber et al, 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encoding context determines risky choice

Madan¹,

Machado²,

Mason³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Both memory and choice are influenced by context: Memory is enhanced when encoding and retrieval contexts match, and choice is swayed by available options. Here, we assessed how context influences risky choice in an experience-based task. Within a single session, we created two separate contexts by presenting blocks of trials in distinct backgrounds. Risky choices were context-dependent; given the same choice, people chose differently depending on other outcomes experienced in that context. Choices reflected an overweighting of the most extreme outcomes within each local context, rather than the global context of all outcomes. When tested in the non-trained context, people chose according to the context at encoding and not retrieval. In subsequent memory tests, people displayed biases specific to distinct contexts: extreme outcomes from each context were more accessible and judged as more frequent. These results pose a challenge for theories of choice that rely on retrieval as guiding choice.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encoding context determines risky choice

Madan¹,

Machado²,

Mason³

et al. 2017

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…People’s decisions are often informed by prior experiences, reflecting the influence of memory on decision-making (e.g., Hertwig et al, 2004; Ludvig et al, 2015; Murty et al, 2016; Shohamy & Daw, 2015). Context has a large impact on memory (see Stark et al, 2018, for a review), leading, for example, to reduced recall when the location changes between study and test (Hupbach et al, 2007; Smith et al, 1978) and playing a prominent role in computational models of memory recall (Howard & Kahana, 2002). Context also significantly influences choice: Other available options in a context can lead to range adaptation (Bavard et al, 2018) or even preference reversal in multiattribute choice (Huber et al, 1982).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Encoding Context Determines Risky Choice

et al. 2021

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Both memory and choice are influenced by context: Memory is enhanced when encoding and retrieval contexts match, and choice is swayed by available options. Here, we assessed how context influences risky choice in an experience-based task in two main experiments (119 and 98 participants retained, respectively) and two additional experiments reported in the Supplemental Material available online (152 and 106 participants retained, respectively). Within a single session, we created two separate contexts by presenting blocks of trials in distinct backgrounds. Risky choices were context dependent; given the same choice, people chose differently depending on other outcomes experienced in that context. Choices reflected an overweighting of the most extreme outcomes within each local context rather than the global context of all outcomes. When tested in the nontrained context, people chose according to the context at encoding and not retrieval. In subsequent memory tests, people displayed biases specific to distinct contexts: Extreme outcomes from each context were more accessible and judged as more frequent. These results pose a challenge for theories of choice that rely on retrieval as guiding choice.

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“…Without them, living creatures would have a set of only simple reflexes, behave stereotypically, and would be unable to use lived experience for adaptation to new conditions [1][2][3] . It should be noted that memory is an essential factor for learning because it helps to gather and retrieve information after the learning process 4,5 . Research into the mechanisms of learning and memory not only is one of the central tasks of neuroscience but also is important for the development of new (and improvement of existing) therapeutic approaches to cognitive disorders as well as mood disorders because many psychiatric disorders involve disturbances of cognitive processes [6][7][8][9] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genes associated with cognitive performance in the Morris water maze: an RNA-seq study

Reshetnikov

Kisaretova

Ershov

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Learning and memory are among higher-order cognitive functions that are based on numerous molecular processes including changes in the expression of genes. To identify genes associated with learning and memory formation, here, we used the RNA-seq (high-throughput mRNA sequencing) technology to compare hippocampal transcriptomes between mice with high and low Morris water maze (MWM) cognitive performance. We identified 88 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 24 differentially alternatively spliced transcripts between the high- and low-MWM-performance mice. Although the sets of DEGs and differentially alternatively spliced transcripts did not overlap, both were found to be enriched with genes related to the same type of biological processes: trans-synaptic signaling, cognition, and glutamatergic transmission. These findings were supported by the results of weighted-gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealing the enrichment of MWM-cognitive-performance-correlating gene modules with very similar Gene Ontology terms. High-MWM-performance mice manifested mostly higher expression of the genes associated with glutamatergic transmission and long-term potentiation implementation, which are processes necessary for memory acquisition and consolidation. In this set, there were genes participating in the regulation of trans-synaptic signaling, primarily AMPA receptor signaling (Nrn1, Nptx1, Homer3, Prkce, Napa, Camk2b, Syt7, and Nrgn) and calcium turnover (Hpca, Caln1, Orai2, Cpne4, and Cpne9). In high-MWM-performance mice, we also demonstrated significant upregulation of the “flip” splice variant of Gria1 and Gria2 transcripts encoding subunits of AMPA receptor. Altogether, our data helped to identify specific genes in the hippocampus that are associated with learning and long-term memory. We hypothesized that the differences in MWM cognitive performance between the mouse groups are linked with increased long-term potentiation, which is mainly mediated by increased glutamatergic transmission, primarily AMPA receptor signaling.

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What’s in a context? Cautions, limitations, and potential paths forward

Cited by 35 publications

References 106 publications

Encoding context determines risky choice

Encoding context determines risky choice

Encoding Context Determines Risky Choice

Genes associated with cognitive performance in the Morris water maze: an RNA-seq study

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