What’s in a Name: Persistent, Mobile, and Toxic (PMT) and Very Persistent and Very Mobile (vPvM) Substances

Hale, Sarah E.; Arp, Hans Peter H.; Schliebner, Ivo; Neumann, Michael

doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c05257

Cited by 49 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Chemicals which combine persistency with mobility increase the probability of longrange transportation. 31 For instance, HFPO-DA has been identified as substances of very high concern owing to its very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) properties. 32 PFMOAA and PFO2HxA were more polar and more abundant than HFPO-DA in the local aqueous environment, which seems to be an emerging concern.…”

Section: ■ Methods Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mobility (M) has become a concerning property for pollutants besides traditional assessment on their persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B), and toxicity (T). Chemicals which combine persistency with mobility increase the probability of long-range transportation . For instance, HFPO-DA has been identified as substances of very high concern owing to its very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) properties .…”

Section: Methods Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence of Novel Perfluoroalkyl Ether Carboxylic Acids in River Water and Human Urine Quantified by a Simple Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Approach Coupled with LC–MS/MS

Yao

Pan

Yu³

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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Perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (PFECAs) are a new class of fluorinated compounds that have attracted growing attention. However, many PFECAs exhibit poor sensitivity and high background contamination and are therefore difficult to quantify. Herein, we particularly optimized the instrumental conditions for PFECAs and increased their instrumental sensitivities by 8–200 times. On this premise, large concentration factors or large-volume injection systems were no longer necessary. A simple and sensitive liquid–liquid microextraction method coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed to quantify 11 emerging PFECAs in river water and human urine. The method quantification limits reached 0.25–1.3 ng/L in river water and 0.50–33 ng/L in urine. Method accuracy ranged from 87%–104% in the two matrices, and interday precision was less than 15% relative standard deviation for all analytes. Application of the method for the Xiaoqing River detected 10 of the 11 emerging PFECAs present at concentrations up to 20,200 ng/L. Perfluoro-2-methoxyacetic acid (PFMOAA) was detected in 100% of human urine samples collected from Huantai (median: 1150 ng/L) and even in 88% of urine samples from Beijing (median: 7.17 ng/L), despite being far from a fluorochemical point source. Further investigations regarding its fate, transport, and exposure pathways are warranted and could benefit from this quantitative method.

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Section: ■ Methods Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methods Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Novel Perfluoroalkyl Ether Carboxylic Acids in River Water and Human Urine Quantified by a Simple Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Approach Coupled with LC–MS/MS

Yao

Pan

Yu³

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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“…In a local environment, mobility depends on the persistence of the substance within the soil, the sorption capacity of the substance to the surrounding soils and sediments, and the hydraulic conditions (e.g., flow rate, rainfall). 44 Sorption capacity is generally quantified using equilibrium distribution coefficients, K D , which is the equilibrium concentration of a substance in soil, sediment, or sludge (solid) phase (C solid , μg/kg solid ) to the that of the (pore)water phase (C water , μg/L water ); see eq 1a. For organic substances, the K D is often normalized to the mass fraction of organic carbon, f OC (kg OC /kg solid ), typically defined as all carbon that is not present as a carbonate, as presented in eq 1b.…”

Section: ■ Background Thresholds For Persistence and Mobilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Persistence and Mobility of Organic Substances to Protect Freshwater Resources

Arp

Hale

2022

ACS Environ. Au

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Persistent and mobile organic substances are those with the highest propensity to be widely distributed in groundwater and thereby, when emitted at low-levels, to contaminate drinking water extraction points and freshwater environments. To prevent such contamination, the European Commission is in the process of introducing new hazard classes for persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) and very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) substances within its key chemical regulations CLP and REACH. The assessment of persistence in these regulations will likely be based on simulated half-life, t 1/2 , thresholds; the assessment of mobility will likely be based on organic carbon−water distribution coefficient, K OC , thresholds. This study reviews the use of t 1/2 and K OC to describe persistence and mobility, considering the theory, history, suitability, data limitations, estimation methods, and alternative parameters. For this purpose, t 1/2 , K OC , and alternative parameters were compiled for substances registered under REACH, known transformation products, and substances detected in wastewater treatment plant effluent, surface water, bank filtrate, groundwater, raw water, and drinking water. Experimental t 1/2 values were rare and only available for 2.2% of the 14 203 unique chemicals identified. K OC data were only available for a fifth of the substances. Therefore, the usage of alternative screening parameters was investigated to predict t 1/2 and K OC values, to assist weight-of-evidence based PMT/vPvM hazard assessments. Even when considering screening parameters, for 41% of substances, PMT/vPvM assessments could not be made due to data gaps; for 23% of substances, PMT/vPvM assessments were ambiguous. Further effort is needed to close these substantial data gaps. However, when data is available, the use of t 1/2 and K OC is considered fit-for-purpose for defining PMT/vPvM thresholds. Using currently discussed threshold values, between 1.9 and 2.6% of REACH registered substances were identified as PMT/vPvM. Among the REACH registered substances detected in drinking water sources, 24−30% were PMT/ vPvM substances.

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“…One of the most recent prioritization strategies is based on the concepts of persistency (P), mobility (M), and toxicity (T) in the environment [9,10]. This approach was developed as an analogy to the " persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT) assessment" criteria established under the European chemicals regulation on the registration, evaluation, authorization, and restriction of chemicals (REACH) and the Anex XIII of the Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, wherein substances are classified according to their persistency (P) based on biodegradation half-life values, bioaccumulation potential (B) based on bioaccumulation factor (BF) on aquatic species, and toxicity (T) based on different toxicity scales [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Surface Water and Wastewater Effluents, Assisted by the Persistency-Mobility-Toxicity Criteria

et al. 2022

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Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are compounds of diverse origins that have not been deeply studied in the past which are now accruing growing environmental interest. The NOR-Water project aimed to identify the main CECs and their sources in the water environment of Northern Portugal–Galicia (located in northwest Spain) transnational region. To achieve these goals, a suspect screening analytical methodology based on the use of liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was applied to 29 sampling sites in two campaigns. These sampling sites included river and sea water, as well as treated wastewater. The screening was driven by a library of over 3500 compounds, which included 604 compounds prioritized from different relevant lists on the basis of the persistency, mobility, and toxicity criteria. Thus, a total of 343 chemicals could be tentatively identified in the analyzed samples. This list of 343 identified chemicals was submitted to the classification workflow used for prioritization and resulted in 153 chemicals tentatively classified as persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) and 23 as very persistent and very mobile (vMvP), pinpointing the relevance of these types of chemicals in the aqueous environment. Pharmaceuticals, such as the antidepressant venlafaxine or the antipsychotic sulpiride, and industrial chemicals, especially high production volume chemicals (HPVC) such as ε-caprolactam, were the groups of compounds that were detected at the highest frequencies.

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What’s in a Name: Persistent, Mobile, and Toxic (PMT) and Very Persistent and Very Mobile (vPvM) Substances

Cited by 49 publications

References 5 publications

Occurrence of Novel Perfluoroalkyl Ether Carboxylic Acids in River Water and Human Urine Quantified by a Simple Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Approach Coupled with LC–MS/MS

Occurrence of Novel Perfluoroalkyl Ether Carboxylic Acids in River Water and Human Urine Quantified by a Simple Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Approach Coupled with LC–MS/MS

Assessing the Persistence and Mobility of Organic Substances to Protect Freshwater Resources

Screening of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Surface Water and Wastewater Effluents, Assisted by the Persistency-Mobility-Toxicity Criteria

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