What’s New in Understanding the Risk Associated With Body Size and Shape?

Golzarri‐Arroyo, Lilian; Mestre, Luis M.; Allison, David B.

doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.7336

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…We found that salt intake had an impact on body shape. Body shapes more predictive of obesity-related mortality and health outcomes (52,53). Overall, salt intake increased both BMI-adjusted and unadjusted WHR, leading to central obesity, which is in line with previous findings (17,18,20,44).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Causal associations between salt intake with body mass, shape and composition: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Feng¹,

Yuan

Yang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Objective: To analyze the causal associations between salt intake with body mass, shape and composition in both sex-combined and sex-specific models. Methods: This was a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Genome-wide association (GWA) studies of urinary sodium secretion (UNa, a surrogate for salt intake), body mass index (BMI), BMI-adjusted waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), body fat (BF) percentage and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were identified. We initially extracted fifty SNPs associated with UNa at GWA significance level of 5 * 10(-8), but further removed those SNPs with potential horizontal pleiotropy. Univariable MR and multivariable MR with adjustment for eGFR were performed. Inverse-variance weighted MR was performed as the primary analysis, with MR-Egger methods as sensitivity analysis. The potential bidirectional association between BMI and UNa was investigated. All exposure and outcomes were continuous, and the effect measure was linear regression coefficients (beta) and their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: UNa was causally associated with increased BMI in both men (eGFR-adjusted beta 0.443 (0.163 to 0.724)) and women (0.594 (0.333 to 0.855)). UNa caused BF percentage increase in men (0.622 (0.268 to 0.976)) and women (0.334 (0.007 to 0.662)). UNa significantly elevated BMI-adjusted WHR in men (0.321 (0.094 to 0.548)), but not in women (0.170 (-0.052 to 0.391)). Additionally, we found that BMI causally increased UNa (0.043 (0.023 to 0.063)). Conclusions: Salt intake increased BMI and BF percentage. Salt intake affects male body shape by increasing BMI-adjusted WHR, but showed no effects on female body shape. The bidirectional association between BMI and UNa suggested that salt reduction measures and weight reduction measures should be implemented simultaneously to break the vicious cycle and gain more health benefits.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Causal associations between salt intake with body mass, shape and composition: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Feng¹,

Yuan

Yang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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show abstract

“…We found that UNa had an impact on body shape. Body shape, rather than simple BMI, is more predictive of obesity-related mortality and health outcomes 49 , 50 . Overall, UNa increased both BMI-adjusted and unadjusted WHR, leading to central obesity, which is in line with previous findings 13 , 16 , 17 , 42 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Causal associations between urinary sodium with body mass, shape and composition: a Mendelian randomization study

Feng

Yuan

Yang

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Observational studies have found associations between urinary sodium (UNa) with obesity, body shape and composition; but the findings may be biased by residual confounding. The objective of this two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was to analyze their causal associations in both sex-combined and sex-specific models. Genome-wide association studies of UNa, body mass index (BMI), BMI-adjusted waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), body fat (BF) percentage and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were identified. We initially extracted fifty SNPs associated with UNa at significance level of 5 × 10–8, but further removed those SNPs with potential horizontal pleiotropy. Univariable and multivariable MR with adjustment for eGFR were performed. Inverse-variance weighted MR was performed as the primary analysis, with MR-Egger methods as sensitivity analysis. The potential bidirectional association between BMI and UNa was investigated. All exposure and outcomes were continuous, and the effect measure was regression coefficients (beta) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The total sample size was up to 322 154. UNa was causally associated with increased BMI in both men [eGFR-adjusted beta 0.443 (0.163–0.724)] and women [0.594 (0.333–0.855)]. UNa caused BF percentage increase in men [0.622 (0.268–0.976)] and women [0.334 (0.007–0.662)]. UNa significantly elevated BMI-adjusted WHR in men [0.321 (0.094–0.548)], but not in women [0.170 (− 0.052 to 0.391)]. Additionally, we found that BMI causally increased UNa [0.043 (0.023–0.063)]. UNa increased BMI and BF percentage. Salt intake affects male body shape by increasing BMI-adjusted WHR, but showed no effects on female body shape. The bidirectional association between BMI and UNa suggested that salt reduction measures and weight reduction measures should be implemented simultaneously to break the vicious cycle and gain more health benefits.

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“…For example, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the benefits of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness might be greater for those with a central/visceral (apple) body fat distribution pattern, which is associated with higher risk for chronic disease and premature mortality, than for others with the same BMI who have a more "gynoid or pear" pattern. 41 However, this remains to be demonstrated in RCTs.…”

Section: What About Fit Versus Fat?mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Moreover, the degree to which interventions to increase physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness may differ in their ability to ameliorate adverse consequences of increased body mass or adiposity on outcomes is uncertain. For example, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the benefits of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness might be greater for those with a central/visceral (apple) body fat distribution pattern, which is associated with higher risk for chronic disease and premature mortality, than for others with the same BMI who have a more “gynoid or pear” pattern 41 . However, this remains to be demonstrated in RCTs.…”

Section: What About Fit Versus Fat?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Body Mass Index, Obesity, and Mortality– Part I

et al. 2023

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The association of obesity with mortality has been the subject of scientific investigation for centuries. Although historical observations, as well as more recent quantitative analyses, demonstrate a relationship of obesity with early death, there remain questions about the degree of the association and how it may vary with age, diet, physical activity, and other life circumstances. The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and mortality is "U-shaped," with the lowest mortality rate observed at a mildly overweight BMI. Many potential explanations have been postulated for higher mortality at both lower and higher levels of BMI, such as occult disease in those at low BMI; difference across categories in weight variability, smoking, and/or distribution of body fat; and the "fit but fat" phenotype. This review discusses some of the continuing questions and hypotheses surrounding the relationship of BMI with mortality and identifies additional research needed. Nutr Today 2023;58(3):92-99

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What’s New in Understanding the Risk Associated With Body Size and Shape?

Cited by 5 publications

References 6 publications

Causal associations between salt intake with body mass, shape and composition: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Causal associations between salt intake with body mass, shape and composition: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Causal associations between urinary sodium with body mass, shape and composition: a Mendelian randomization study

Body Mass Index, Obesity, and Mortality– Part I

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