What’s New With the Old Coronaviruses?

Ogimi, Chikara; Kim, Yae Jean; Martin, Emily T.; Huh, Hee Jae; Chiu, Cheng Hsun; Englund, Janet A.

doi:10.1093/jpids/piaa037

Cited by 61 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 93 publications

(113 reference statements)

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“…There are 4 known human common cold coronaviruses (HCoV) that cause mild respiratory disease: HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1 (1). Seroprevalence studies show that a large percentage of adults have been exposed to these viruses (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Healthy donor T cell responses to common cold coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2

Woldemeskel

Kwaa

Garliss

et al. 2020

Journal of Clinical Investigation

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BACKGROUND. T cell responses to the common cold coronaviruses have not been well characterized. Preexisting T cell immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been reported, and a recent study suggested that this immunity was due to cross-recognition of the novel coronavirus by T cells specific for the common cold coronaviruses. METHODS. We used the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay to characterize the T cell responses against peptide pools derived from the spike protein of 3 common cold coronaviruses (HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-OC43) and SARS-CoV-2 in 21 healthy donors (HDs) who were seronegative for SARS-CoV-2 and had no known exposure to the virus. An in vitro expansion culture assay was also used to analyze memory T cell responses. RESULTS. We found responses to the spike protein of the 3 common cold coronaviruses in many of the donors. We then focused on HCoV-NL63 and detected broad T cell responses to the spike protein and identified 22 targeted peptides. Interestingly, only 1 study participant had a significant response to SARS-CoV-2 spike or nucleocapsid protein in the ELISPOT assay. In vitro expansion studies suggested that T cells specific for the HCoV-NL63 spike protein in this individual could also recognize SARS-CoV-2 spike protein peptide pools. CONCLUSION. HDs have circulating T cells specific for the spike proteins of HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-OC43. T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins were present in only 1 participant and were potentially the result of cross-recognition by T cells specific for the common cold coronaviruses. Further studies are needed to determine whether this cross-recognition influences coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Healthy donor T cell responses to common cold coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2

Woldemeskel

Kwaa

Garliss

et al. 2020

Journal of Clinical Investigation

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“…The amount of viruses shed in the nasal or oral secretion can range from 104 to 107 genome copies/ml depending on the severity of the infection and the types of viruses (Finberg et al, 2019;Liu et al, 2020a). For example, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a highly pathogenic coronavirus, can cause 34% mortality in infected humans (Ogimi et al, 2020). Around 5X106 genome copies/ml can be shed in sputum from patients with severe MERS (Corman et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Rhamnolipids for the Inactivation of Enveloped Viruses

Jin

Black

Sawyer

2020

Preprint

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Abstract In the face of new emerging respiratory viruses, such as SARS-CoV2, vaccines, and drug therapies are not immediately available to curb the spread of the infection. Non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as mask-wearing and social distance, can slow the transmission. However, both mask and social distance are not 100% effective at preventing the spread of respiratory viruses, such as SARS-CoV2 and influenza viruses. There is an urgent need to develop an intervention that could reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Rhamnolipids are environmentally friendly and biologically safe surfactants that can kill enveloped viruses. Two rhamnolipid products, 222A and 222B, were investigated in this study to determine their ability to inactivate two enveloped viruses, bovine coronavirus and herpes simplex virus 1. We found that 222B at 0.005%, which has no toxicity to cells, can inactivate 105 PFU/ml enveloped viruses in 3-5 min. Moreover, 50-100µl of 222B at 0.005% on 1 cm2 mask fabrics can inactivate ~ 103 PFU /10 µl in 3-5 min. These results suggest that 222B can be coated on masks to prevent or reduce the spread of enveloped viruses.

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“…Coronaviruses, including species 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1, are responsible for acute respiratory syndrome in children. They affected the upper respiratory region in a similar way to the 'common cold' [17]. Although there were two mortalities from respiratory complications among 31 COVID-19 infected pregnant mothers with COVID-19, there is no evidence for intrauterine transmission to their fetuses [18] .…”

Section: Covid-19 and Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%