“…Indeed, research has shown evidence that musical preferences and substance use are linked (Bogt et al, 2012;Miller & Quigley, 2011;Winstock, Griffiths, & Stewart, 2001). The extent to which substance use is linked to musical sophistication is less known, though qualitative studies suggests that recreational drug use and alcohol can enhance the perceptual abilities, emotional experience, and creativity of musicians, especially in the jazz and rock genres (Groce, 1991;Grønnerød, 2002;Singer & Mirhej, 2006). Because data on substance use was available in the national survey, we chose to address this topic by examining whether frequency of recreational drug and alcohol use was associated with musical sophistication.…”