What Should We Do after the COVID-19 Vaccination? Vaccine-Associated Diseases and Precautionary Measures against Adverse Reactions

Abstract

COVID-19 vaccines have been used to counteract the global COVID-19 pandemic. While these are effective, adverse reactions have been reported, such as injection-site pain, muscle ache, fever, palpitation, and chest discomfort. The release of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, is a potential mechanism for post-vaccine side-effects. Chest discomfort after the vaccination, including myocarditis and acute coronary syndrome, is a particularly serious adverse reaction. It is important to be familiar with the differential diagnoses of chest discomfort and organ-specific diseases associated with COVID-19 vaccines as the preparation for booster shots and vaccinations among children aged 5–11 years begins. High-intensity exercise, alcohol, tobacco smoking, and baths promote inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, which may exacerbate the adverse reactions after vaccination. Japanese data show that deaths during baths are the most common for several days after mRNA vaccination. Additionally, alcohol and tobacco smoking were identified as predictive factors of lower antibody titers after vaccination. In this review, we aimed to provide a few recommendations to prevent vaccine-associated disease.

Acute Perimyocarditis in an Adolescent Japanese Male after a Booster Dose of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine

“…Therefore, troponin could be useful in screening for vaccine-associated myocarditis, although false negatives could be possible, especially within a few days after vaccination (Awaya et al 2022). Considering the benign clinical course, however, the prognostic value of troponin in patients with vaccine-associated myocarditis is unclear, which is not the case in COVID-19related cardiac injury (Sandoval et al 2020).…”

The lymphatic system and COVID-19 vaccines

“…The innate immune activation by mRNA vaccines sometimes occurs in excess, resulting in adverse reactions, which can include pain, swelling, and redness at the local injection site ( 32 , 33 ). Systemic side effects, such as allergy, chills, fever, and headache, are also often observed in recipients of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines.…”

Oncology and cardiology positron emission tomography/computed tomography faced with COVID-19: A review of available literature data

“…As well as COVID-19 infection, COVID-19 vaccination may also induce immune response disorder related to COVID-19 ( 110 , 111 ). The dominant theory is that vaccine-associated adverse reactions are caused by immunostimulatory and inflammatory cytokine release, autoimmunity, eosinophilia, and ACE2 downregulation ( 111 ). Splenic FDG uptake has been reported in addition to ALN uptake at 5 days after COVID-19 vaccination ( 112 ) ( Figure 4 ).…”