What sparked the Cambrian explosion?

Fox, Douglas C.

doi:10.1038/530268a

Cited by 42 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Oxygenation of the planet, which began roughly 2.3 billion years ago, paved the way for the evolution of complex, multicellular life . The O 2 ‐dependent oxidation of carbon fuels in the mitochondria allows for the generation of abundant ATP, but also gives rise to partially reduced oxygen species (i.e., reactive oxygen species [ROS]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GPX4 at the Crossroads of Lipid Homeostasis and Ferroptosis

2019

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Oxygen is necessary for aerobic metabolism but can cause the harmful oxidation of lipids and other macromolecules. Oxidation of cholesterol and phospholipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acyl chains can lead to lipid peroxidation, membrane damage, and cell death. Lipid hydroperoxides are key intermediates in the process of lipid peroxidation. The lipid hydroperoxidase glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) converts lipid hydroperoxides to lipid alcohols, and this process prevents the iron (Fe2+)‐dependent formation of toxic lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS). Inhibition of GPX4 function leads to lipid peroxidation and can result in the induction of ferroptosis, an iron‐dependent, non‐apoptotic form of cell death. This review describes the formation of reactive lipid species, the function of GPX4 in preventing oxidative lipid damage, and the link between GPX4 dysfunction, lipid oxidation, and the induction of ferroptosis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GPX4 at the Crossroads of Lipid Homeostasis and Ferroptosis

2019

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“…In this sense, it is interesting to pose the fact that the rising of the nuclear receptor family occurred during that time οCause or consequence? The precise reason has remained elusive and probably will be forever, mainly because so little is known about the physical and chemical environment of the planet at that time [ 22 ].…”

Section: The Nuclear Receptor Superfamilymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nuclear Receptor Field: A Historical Overview and Future Challenges

Mazaira

Zgajnar

Lotufo

et al. 2018

Nuclear Receptor Research

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In this article we summarize the birth of the field of nuclear receptors, the discovery of untransformed and transformed isoforms of ligand-binding macromolecules, the discovery of the three-domain structure of the receptors, and the properties of the Hsp90-based heterocomplex responsible for the overall structure of the oligomeric receptor and many aspects of the biological effects. The discovery and properties of the subfamily of receptors called orphan receptors is also outlined. Novel molecular aspects of the mechanism of action of nuclear receptors and challenges to resolve in the near future are discussed.

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“…Similar to other stratigraphic transitions, the Precambrian‐Cambrian (PЄ‐Є) transition is marked by a mass extinction of the Ediacaran (635–541 Ma) fauna (Laflamme et al, ). This was followed by a rapid diversification of metazoan life during the Cambrian (541–485 Ma; e.g., Na & Kiessling, ), commonly referred to as “Cambrian Explosion.” While the actual developments during the Cambrian Explosion are well documented, potential causal relations with changes in paleoecology or possible geodynamic triggers for this event are still debated (Bengtson & Zhao, ; Dalziel, ; Filippelli, ; Fox, ; Sperling et al, ; X. Zhang et al, ). These may include both abiotic factors, such as changing seawater composition (in particular changes in dissolved Ca 2+ , salinity, and pH), nutrient availability, ocean circulation, enhanced weathering, and continental runoff, as well as biotic factors such as the onset of predation or profound changes in biomineralization and bioturbation (Bottjer, ; Brasier, ; Chen et al, ; Mills & Canfield, ; Ohnemüller, ; Smith & Harper, ; X. Zhang et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was followed by a rapid diversification of metazoan life during the Cambrian (541-485 Ma; e.g., Na & Kiessling, 2015), commonly referred to as "Cambrian Explosion." While the actual developments during the Cambrian Explosion are well documented, potential causal relations with changes in paleoecology or possible geodynamic triggers for this event are still debated (Bengtson & Zhao, 1992;Dalziel, 2014;Filippelli, 2011;Fox, 2016;Sperling et al, 2015;X. Zhang et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiogenic Sr and Stable C and O Isotopes Across Precambrian‐Cambrian Transition in Marine Carbonatic Phosphorites of Malyi Karatau (Kazakhstan)—Implications for Paleo‐environmental Change

Stammeier

Hippler

Nebel

et al. 2019

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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The Precambrian‐Cambrian (PЄ‐Є) transition is a unique period in Earth's history known for the “Cambrian Explosion.” Here we present a continuous radiogenic and stable isotope (87Sr/86Sr, δ13CVPDB, carb, and δ18OVPDB, carb) and elemental (including rare earth elements) record across the PЄ‐Є transition, preserved in phosphatic and carbonate shallow‐water deposits from two sections (Koksu and Kyrshabakty) in Kazakhstan. Microstructure, trace, and rare earth elements concentrations reflect near‐primary preservation. δ13CVPDB, carb data (−12.1‰ to 3.3‰) record formation conditions at a time of severe geodynamic changes. Negative δ13CVPDB, carb at the PЄ‐Є boundary resemble the Basal Cambrian Carbon Anomaly. Average δ18OVPDB, carb values of −11.7 ± 3.8‰ are suggested to represent near‐primary signals and can be explained by isotopically lighter past sea water and elevated temperature during precipitation compared to present‐day conditions. Initial 87Sr/86Sr of the carbonate and phosphate fraction are in the range of 0.7086–0.7112 at the Koksu section and 0.7082–0.7136 at the Kyrshabakty section. This is in general agreement with the seawater 87Sr/86Sr evolution during the Early Cambrian. In this study, we present a refined 87Sr/86Sr seawater evolution, highlighting an extreme positive Sr isotope excursion at the PЄ‐Є transition, which is suggested to be indicative for enhanced continental weathering and an increase in nutrient runoff into shallow ocean waters. This extreme geodynamic event may have served as a driving force for enhanced biologic activity in the lead up to the Cambrian Explosion, where phosphatic shallow‐water deposits from Kazakhstan constitute a valuable paleo‐environmental archive.

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What sparked the Cambrian explosion?

Abstract: An evolutionary burst 540 million years ago filled the seas with an astonishing diversity of animals. The trigger for that revolution isfinally coming into focus.

Cited by 42 publications

References 9 publications

GPX4 at the Crossroads of Lipid Homeostasis and Ferroptosis

GPX4 at the Crossroads of Lipid Homeostasis and Ferroptosis

The Nuclear Receptor Field: A Historical Overview and Future Challenges

Radiogenic Sr and Stable C and O Isotopes Across Precambrian‐Cambrian Transition in Marine Carbonatic Phosphorites of Malyi Karatau (Kazakhstan)—Implications for Paleo‐environmental Change

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