What the Erythrocytic Nuclear Alteration Frequencies Could Tell Us about Genotoxicity and Macrophage Iron Storage?

Abstract

Erythrocytic nuclear alterations have been considered as an indicative of organism’s exposure to genotoxic agents. Due to their close relationship among their frequencies and DNA damages, they are considered excellent markers of exposure in eukaryotes. However, poor data has been found in literature concerning their genesis, differential occurrence and their life span. In this study, we use markers of cell viability; genotoxicity and cellular turn over in order to shed light to these events. Tilapia and their blood were exposed to cadmium in acute exposure and in vitro assays. They were analyzed using flow cytometry for oxidative stress and membrane disruption, optical microscopy for erythrocytic nuclear alteration, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for cadmium content in aquaria water, blood and cytochemical and analytical electron microscopy techniques for the hemocateretic aspects. The results showed a close relationship among the total nuclear alterations and cadmium content in the total blood and melanomacrophage centres area, mismatching reactive oxygen species and membrane damages. Moreover, nuclear alterations frequencies (vacuolated, condensed and blebbed) showed to be associated to cadmium exposure whereas others (lobed and bud) were associated to depuration period. Decrease on nuclear alterations frequencies was also associated with hemosiderin increase inside spleen and head kidney macrophages mainly during depurative processes. These data disclosure in temporal fashion the main processes that drive the nuclear alterations frequencies and their relationship with some cellular and systemic biomarkers.

Comparative histology in the liver and spleen of three species of freshwater teleost

“…In teleosts, they are particularly concentrated in the head kidney, liver and spleen from some species (Wolke, 1992;Ribeiro et al, 2011;Pronina et al, 2014;Diaz-Satizabal, Magor, 2015;Gomes et al, 2015). The liver and spleen of G. brasiliensis and H. aff.…”

“…From all animals, samples of liver and spleen were fixed in Bouin's fluid for 12 h, embedded in paraffin, sectioned 4 μm thick and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Gomori's trichrome. To determine the histochemical contents, Perls' technique was used to identify hemosiderin, lipofuscin and melanin (Leknes, 2015;Gomes et al, 2015) and the periodic acid Schiff (PAS) for neutral glycoproteins and glycogen in the liver and spleen. Silver impregnation was used to identify the reticular fibers present in the extracellular matrix both organs (Disbrey, Rack, 1970).…”

“…The head kidney, liver and spleen in some teleosts may present aggregates of macrophages called melanomacrophage centres (MMC). The MMCs are histologically distinguishable within the tissue for presenting macrophages with distinct pigments such as melanin, hemosiderin and lipofuscins (Ribeiro et al, 2011;Diaz-Satizabal, Magor, 2015;Gomes et al, 2015). The analysis and quantification of granules can be a great indicator of the main metabolic activities by macrophages from MMCs (Ribeiro et al, 2011;Diaz-Satizabal, Magor, 2015;Gomes et al, 2015).…”

“…The MMCs are histologically distinguishable within the tissue for presenting macrophages with distinct pigments such as melanin, hemosiderin and lipofuscins (Ribeiro et al, 2011;Diaz-Satizabal, Magor, 2015;Gomes et al, 2015). The analysis and quantification of granules can be a great indicator of the main metabolic activities by macrophages from MMCs (Ribeiro et al, 2011;Diaz-Satizabal, Magor, 2015;Gomes et al, 2015). Moreover, presence, number and area of MMCs have been used as biological parameters in toxicology and environmental impact studies (Rabitto et al, 2004;Ribeiro et al, 2011;Pronina et al, 2014;Gomes et al, 2015).…”

“…The analysis and quantification of granules can be a great indicator of the main metabolic activities by macrophages from MMCs (Ribeiro et al, 2011;Diaz-Satizabal, Magor, 2015;Gomes et al, 2015). Moreover, presence, number and area of MMCs have been used as biological parameters in toxicology and environmental impact studies (Rabitto et al, 2004;Ribeiro et al, 2011;Pronina et al, 2014;Gomes et al, 2015).…”