What Underlies the Deficit in Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) in Adults with Dyslexia? Evidence from Eye Movements

Araújo, Susana; Huettig, Falk; Meyer, Antje S.

doi:10.1080/10888438.2020.1867863

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 96 publications

(132 reference statements)

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“…Of course, the sensitivity of utterance durations and speech fluency to the duration of cognitive processes underlying speech planning is not a new insight. For instance, some of the earliest theories of speech planning relied on analyses of pauses and disfluencies (e.g., Goldman-Eisler, 1972;Levelt, 1989), and, as described earlier, the RAN paradigm (Denckla & Rudel, 1976) that is often used in reading research measures total utterance durations (e.g., Araújo et al, 2020). The present study therefore may be seen as a reminder of the usefulness of these dependent variables to complement measurement of speech onset latencies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are large individual differences in total naming times. Moreover, total naming times depend also on properties of the materials such as the word frequency and phonological neighborhood density of the object names (Araújo et al, 2020). This implies that when objects are repeatedly named in a grid, variation in the difficulty of speech production can be reflected in total naming times.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conducting Language Production Research Online: A Web-based Study of Semantic Context and Name Agreement Effects in Multi-Word Production

Meyer

Creemers

et al. 2021

Collabra: Psychology

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Few web-based experiments have explored spoken language production, perhaps due to concerns of data quality, especially for measuring onset latencies. The present study highlights how speech production research can be done outside of the laboratory by measuring utterance durations and speech fluency in a multiple-object naming task when examining two effects related to lexical selection: semantic context and name agreement. A web-based modified blocked-cyclic naming paradigm was created, in which participants named a total of sixteen simultaneously presented pictures on each trial. The pictures were either four tokens from the same semantic category (homogeneous context), or four tokens from different semantic categories (heterogeneous context). Name agreement of the pictures was varied orthogonally (high, low). In addition to onset latency, five dependent variables were measured to index naming performance: accuracy, utterance duration, total pause time, the number of chunks (word groups pronounced without intervening pauses), and first chunk length. Bayesian analyses showed effects of semantic context and name agreement for some of the dependent measures, but no interaction. We discuss the methodological implications of the current study and make best practice recommendations for spoken language production research in an online environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conducting Language Production Research Online: A Web-based Study of Semantic Context and Name Agreement Effects in Multi-Word Production

Meyer

Creemers

et al. 2021

Collabra: Psychology

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“…Developmental dyslexia, involving genetic and environmental factors, is a hereditary and life-long neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by several deficits in reading and writing despite adequate intelligence ( Association, 2013 ). Its etiology remains debated even after more than a century of research, but more and more evidences ( Goswami, 2015 ; Ullman et al, 2020 ; Araújo et al, 2021 ) suggest that developmental dyslexia might be interpreted by: (i) Poor phonological awareness; or/and (ii) visual-attentional deficits and abnormal eye movement patterns. Both possibilities may explain that the individuals with developmental dyslexia usually have well-documented difficulties in visual naming, in addition to their difficulties in reading.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fortunately, eye-tracking method ( Armstrong and Olatunji, 2012 ; Chawarska et al, 2013 ; Lai et al, 2013 ), among others, has been intensively used in psychology for decades to reveal the fundamental cognitive processes and mechanisms involved in reading and visual perception, and thus has the feasibility to characterize the essential features of RAN. However, to date, there are only a few studies ( Jones et al, 2008 ; Hogan-Brown et al, 2014 ; Araújo et al, 2021 ) that focus on analyzing eye movements during RAN.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entropy of eye movement during rapid automatized naming

Wang

Liu

Dong

et al. 2022

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Numerous studies have focused on the understanding of rapid automatized naming (RAN), which can be applied to predict reading abilities and developmental dyslexia in children. Eye tracking technique, characterizing the essential ocular activities, might have the feasibility to reveal the visual and cognitive features of RAN. However, traditional measures of eye movements ignore many dynamical details about the visual and cognitive processing of RAN, and are usually associated with the duration of time spent on some particular areas of interest, fixation counts, revisited fixation counts, saccadic velocities, or saccadic amplitudes. To cope with this drawback, we suggested an entropy-based method to measure eye movements for the first time, which first mapped eye movements during RAN in a time-series and then analyzed the time-series by a proper definition of entropy from the perspective of information theory. Our findings showed that the entropy was more sensitive to reflect small perturbation (e.g., rapid movements between focuses in the presence of skipping or omitting some stimulus during RAN) of eye movements, and thus gained better performance than traditional measures. We also verified that the entropy of eye movements significantly deceased with the age and the task complexity of RAN, and significantly correlated with traditional eye-movement measures [e.g., total time of naming (TTN)] and the RAN-related skills [e.g., selective attention (SA), cognitive speed, and visual-motor integration]. Our findings may bring some new insights into the understanding of both RAN and eye tracking technique itself.

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“…Rapid automatized naming (RAN) tests (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) have been proposed to evaluate an individual's ability to read letters, digits, objects, or other visual stimuli such as colors or geometric shapes as quickly as possible. These RAN tasks were initially used in studies on reading behavior and child development in healthy children, but they have gradually become recognized as a popular and useful psychometric test for identifying a variety of cognitive and neurobiological abnormalities, including developmental dyslexia (13)(14)(15), specific language impairment (16), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (17), learning disabilities, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (18,19).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Features of eye movements during rapid automatized naming in Chinese children aged 7–11 years

et al. 2022

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Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) tests have been well-documented to predict reading abilities as well as a variety of neurobiological disorders (e.g., developmental dyslexia). Traditional measures of RAN tests only take into account the naming time and accuracy and cannot reflect temporal-spatial features during RAN tests. Although the eye tracking approach appears to be a promising tool for characterizing the essential temporal-spatial characteristics of RAN tests, no research has been conducted to investigate whether and how gender, age, and task-type alter those characteristics. Additionally, no study has examined eye movements during a Chinese adaptation of RAN in order to expand the applicability of RAN to developmental dyslexia in Chinese. To address the concerns stated above, this article recruited 408 children (206 males, aged 7–11 years) and adopted eight measures to quantify features of eye movements during a Chinese adaptation of RAN. Findings showed that: (1) eight eye-movement measures had the main effects of task-type and age, but only five of them had the main effect of gender (in particular, females outperformed males); (2) RAN abilities observed by eight eye-movement measures initially developed quickly before the age of 9, and then entered a relatively sluggish development phase; (3) non-alphanumeric RAN tasks generally required higher mental load (implying more fixation counts, saccade counts, and regression counts, smaller average saccade amplitude, fixation duration fluctuation and saccade amplitude fluctuation, and longer average fixation duration and total time of naming) than alphanumeric ones; (4) there were significant correlations between total time of naming (a widely-used behavioral parameter) and other eye-movement measures; and (5) there were significant correlation between eight eye-movement measures and three attention-related skills observed from a number cancellation task. The current study might offer some perspectives on the understanding of normative data of eye movements during RAN in Chinese school-aged children, as well as the applications (e.g., developmental dyslexia) associated with RAN.

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What Underlies the Deficit in Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) in Adults with Dyslexia? Evidence from Eye Movements

Cited by 13 publications

References 96 publications

Conducting Language Production Research Online: A Web-based Study of Semantic Context and Name Agreement Effects in Multi-Word Production

Conducting Language Production Research Online: A Web-based Study of Semantic Context and Name Agreement Effects in Multi-Word Production

Entropy of eye movement during rapid automatized naming

Features of eye movements during rapid automatized naming in Chinese children aged 7–11 years

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