Wheat Middlings as a Source of Energy, Amino Acids, Phosphorus and Pellet Binding Quality for Swine Diets

Erickson, Jim; Miller, E. R.; Ku, P. K.; Collings, G. F.; Black, J. Roy

doi:10.2527/jas1985.6041012x

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…These values are greater than the value reported by NRC (2012) for wheat middlings but within the range of values reported elsewhere (Sauvant et al, 2004;Huang et al, 2012;2014;Jaworski et al, 2015). Variation in the composition of wheat coproducts is a result of variations in the production process or differences among varieties of wheat, and differences in growing conditions of wheat may also affect the chemical composition of the wheat grain (Erickson et al, 1985).…”

Section: Chemical Composition Of Wheat Middlings and Red Dogsupporting

confidence: 72%

Nutrient composition and digestibility of energy and nutrients in wheat middlings and red dog fed to growing pigs1

Casas

Rodriguez

Stein

2018

Journal of Animal Science

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This experiment was designed to determine nutrient composition and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE, DM, OM, and NDF and the concentration of DE and ME in 10 sources of wheat middlings and in 1 source of red dog that were obtained from different flour mills in the United States. Twelve growing pigs (initial BW: 31.0 ± 1.0 kg) were randomly allotted to a 12 × 8 Youden square design with 12 dietary treatments and eight 14 d periods. Pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for total collection of feces and urine. A basal diet based on corn and soybean meal, and 11 diets containing corn, soybean meal, and 39.4% of one of the 10 sources of wheat middlings or of red dog were formulated. The ATTD of GE, DM, OM, and NDF in all diets was calculated using the direct procedure, and the ATTD of GE, DM, OM, and NDF in each source of wheat middlings or red dog was calculated by difference. Values for DE and ME were calculated as well. The average concentration of CP was 17.67% in wheat midlings and 17.0% in red dog, and the concentration of acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) and total dietary fiber (TDF) was 2.44 and 13.90% in red dog, but 4.07 and 36.45% in wheat middlings. Red dog also contained more starch (42.98%) than wheat middlings (20.28%). Red dog had greater bulk density (498.5 g/L) and smaller particle size (146 µm) compared with wheat middlings (315.1 g/L and 783 µm). The average ATTD of GE, DM, OM, and NDF in wheat middlings (67.2%, 71.2%, 72.9%, and 53.0%, respectively) was less (P < 0.05) than in red dog (79.35%, 82.9%, 86.6%, and 58.7%, respectively). The average concentrations of DE and ME in wheat middlings were 2,990 and 2,893 kcal/kg DM, and these values were less (P < 0.05) than the DE and ME in red dog (3,408 and 3,292 kcal/kg DM). In conclusion, wheat middlings contains more fiber and less starch than red dog and the ATTD of GE and nutrients is greater in red dog than in wheat middlings. As a consequence, concentrations of DE and ME are greater in red dog than in wheat middlings.

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Section: Chemical Composition Of Wheat Middlings and Red Dogsupporting

confidence: 72%

Nutrient composition and digestibility of energy and nutrients in wheat middlings and red dog fed to growing pigs1

Casas

Rodriguez

Stein

2018

Journal of Animal Science

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“…growth performance was observed. Other research (Erickson et al, 1985;Cromwell et al, 1992) observed a decrease in performance when as little as 10% midds was added to the diet. The effects of wheat middlings on growth and carcass data of fi nishing pigs can vary depending on nutrient content as well as bulk density.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Effects of dietary wheat middlings, distillers dried grains with solubles, and choice white grease on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat quality of finishing pigs1

Salyer

DeRouchey

Tokach

et al. 2012

Journal of Animal Science

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Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of adding combinations of wheat middlings (midds), distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and choice white grease (CWG) to growing-finishing pig diets on growth, carcass traits, and carcass fat quality. In Exp. 1, 288 pigs (average initial BW = 46.6 kg) were used in an 84-d experiment with pens of pigs randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatments with 8 pigs per pen and 9 pens per treatment. Treatments included a corn-soybean meal-based control, the control with 30% DDGS, the DDGS diet with 10% midds, or the DDGS diet with 20% midds. Diets were fed in 4 phases and formulated to constant standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys:ME ratios within each phase. Overall (d 0 to 84), pigs fed diets containing increasing midds had decreased (linear, P ≤ 0.02) ADG and G:F, but ADFI was not affected. Feeding 30% DDGS did not influence growth. For carcass traits, increasing midds decreased (linear, P < 0.01) carcass yield and HCW but also decreased (quadratic, P = 0.02) backfat depth and increased (quadratic, P < 0.01) fat-free lean index (FFLI). Feeding 30% DDGS decreased (P = 0.03) carcass yield and backfat depth (P < 0.01) but increased FFLI (P = 0.02) and jowl fat iodine value (P < 0.01). In Exp. 2, 288 pigs (initial BW = 42.3 kg) were used in an 87-d experiment with pens of pigs randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 8 pigs per pen and 6 pens per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with 2 amounts of midds (0 or 20%) and 3 amounts of CWG (0, 2.5, or 5.0%). All diets contained 15% DDGS. Diets were fed in 4 phases and formulated to constant SID Lys:ME ratios in each phase. No CWG × midds interactions were observed. Overall (d 0 to 87), feeding 20% midds decreased (P < 0.01) ADG and G:F. Pigs increasing CWG had improved ADG (quadratic, P = 0.03) and G:F (linear, P < 0.01). Dietary midds or CWG did not affect ADFI. For carcass traits, feeding 20% midds decreased (P < 0.05) carcass yield, HCW, backfat depth, and loin depth but increased (P < 0.01) jowl fat iodine value. Pigs fed CWG had decreased (linear, P < 0.05) FFLI and increased (linear, P < 0.01) jowl fat iodine value. In conclusion, feeding midds reduced pig growth performance, carcass yield, and increased jowl fat iodine value. Although increasing diet energy with CWG can help mitigate negative effects on live performance, CWG did not eliminate negative impacts of midds on carcass yield, HCW, and jowl fat iodine value.

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“…2 b . Wheat co-products are widely used in the pig industry, as they are a source of energy, amino acids and P (Nelson, 1985;Erickson et al, 1985). According to AAFCO (1996), these co-products are commonly divided into wheat bran (course and fine outer layer, crude fiber (CF) > 95 g/kg, as fed), wheat middlings (70 g/kg < CF ≤ 95 g/kg), wheat shorts (40 g/kg < CF ≤ 70 g/kg), wheat red dog (15 g/kg < CF ≤ 40 g/kg) and wheat feed flour (CF ≤ 15 g/kg).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of microbial phytase on coefficient of standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in growing pigs fed corn and corn co-products, wheat and wheat co-products and oilseed meals

She

Liu

et al. 2015

Animal Feed Science and Technology

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Wheat Middlings as a Source of Energy, Amino Acids, Phosphorus and Pellet Binding Quality for Swine Diets

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Nutrient composition and digestibility of energy and nutrients in wheat middlings and red dog fed to growing pigs1

Nutrient composition and digestibility of energy and nutrients in wheat middlings and red dog fed to growing pigs1

Effects of dietary wheat middlings, distillers dried grains with solubles, and choice white grease on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat quality of finishing pigs1

Effects of microbial phytase on coefficient of standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in growing pigs fed corn and corn co-products, wheat and wheat co-products and oilseed meals

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