Wheat puroindolines interact to form friabilin and control wheat grain hardness

Abstract

Wheat grain is sold based upon several physiochemical characteristics, one of the most important being grain texture. Grain texture in wheat directly affects many end use qualities such as milling yield, break flour yield, and starch damage. The hardness (Ha) locus located on the short arm of chromosome 5D is known to control grain hardness in wheat. This locus contains the puroindoline A ( pina) and puroindoline B ( pinb) genes. All wheats to date that have mutations in pina or pinb are hard textured, while wheats possessing both the 'soft type' pina-D1a and pinb-D1a sequences are soft. Furthermore, it has been shown that complementation of the pinb-D1b mutation in hard spring wheat can restore a soft phenotype. Here, our objective was to identify and characterize the effect the puroindoline genes have on grain texture independently and together. To accomplish this we transformed a hard red spring wheat possessing a pinb-D1b mutation with 'soft type' pina and pinb, creating transgenic isolines that have added pina, pinb, or pina and pinb. Northern blot analysis of developing control and transgenic lines indicated that grain hardness differences were correlated with the timing of the expression of the native and transgenically added puroindoline genes. The addition of PINA decreased grain hardness less than the reduction seen with added PINB. Seeds from lines having more 'soft type' PINB than PINA were the softest. Friabilin abundance was correlated with the presence of both 'soft type' PINA and PINB and did not correlate well with total puroindoline abundance. The data indicates that PINA and PINB interact to form friabilin and together affect wheat grain texture.

In Planta Mutagenesis Determines the Functional Regions of the Wheat Puroindoline Proteins

“…Transgenic studies in rice , wheat (Beecher et al 2002;Martin et al 2006), and corn (Zhang et al 2009) have demonstrated that Pin mutations are causative to hard grain texture. PINA and PINB are not functionally interchangeable and control grain hardness via cooperative binding to starch granules (Hogg et al 2004;Swan et al 2006;Wanjugi et al 2007a;Feiz et al 2009b). PIN binding to starch granules is mediated by polar lipids (Greenblatt et al 1995) and PIN abundance is correlated with seed polar lipid content (Feiz et al 2009b).…”

Analysis of the wheat endosperm transcriptome

“…A quence for both pin-a and pin-b are soft in texture, whereas, wheats that have mutations in pin-a and or pin-b are hard textured (Hogg et al 2004). …”

Relationships between Quality Characteristics in the New Two-rowed, Hull-less Barley Cultivar “Yumesakiboshi”

“…However, the evidence that grain hardness reduces grain breakage during pearling is meaningful for barley breeders, since a major genetic factor controlling grain hardness has recently been revealed as the genotype of hordoindoline (Hinb2) 2,22 which was the homoeologous of "friabilin" in wheat 5,6,13,18 . An effective breeding strategy to reduce the broken-grain rate as a major quality problem for two-rowed pearling barley is the use of Hinb2b allele, which hardens the endosperm texture.…”