Wheel structured Zeonex-based photonic crystal fiber sensor in THz regime for sensing milk

Abstract

In this paper, a wheel structured Zeonex-based hexagonal packing photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor has been proposed for sensing camel milk with a refractive index of 1.3423 and cow milk with a refractive index of 1.3459. This sensor has been investigated for porosities of 85%, 90%, and 98% within a terahertz (THz) region ranging from 0.2 to 2.0 THz. At an operating frequency of 2 THz, this sensor has shown a maximum sensitivity of 81.16% and 81.32% for camel and cow milk, respectively. EML of 0.033013 cm −1 and 0.03284 cm −1 has been found for camel and cow milk, respectively, at the same operating conditions with negligible confinement losses of 8.675 10 –18 cm −1 1.435 10 –18 cm −1 . Several other parameters, such as the effective area, flattened dispersion, and numerical aperture, have also been obtained during the investigation. Since considerable attention has not been given yet in detecting various types of dairy products using PCF terahertz sensors, this design will pave a whole new path in further implementing THz sensing in the dairy industry.

Design of a hexagonal outlined porous cladding with vacant core photonic crystal fibre biosensor for cyanide detection at THz regime

“…Furthermore, the suggested sensor can distinguish between various alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and propanol [80]. Furthermore, with RIs of 1.3423 and 1.3459, the dairy sector's sensor type might be employed to detect and monitor cow and camel milk purity [18]. As a result of the wide detecting range, it is clear that the suggested sensor model can sense cyanides or other compounds in various industries.…”

“…After extensive research throughout the years, the PCF is the most suitable waveguide. Some notable uses of THz waves based on PCF include terahertz communication [17], biochemical terahertz sensing [18], supercontinuum generation [19], high power technology [20] etc. In solid core fibres, excessive material loss occurs; hence, researchers are currently more focussed on porous‐ and hollow‐cored fibres [11].…”

Detection of different drinkable milk using photonic crystal fibre biosensor in IR regime

“…Moreover, it has also evaluated the results of effective area, numerical aperture, confinement loss, and effective material loss. Although the researchers [14] took consideration of fabrication feasibility of incorporating circular holes, however, the sensitivities are low that better results have been obtained by Islam et al [15]. This group of researchers [15] assessed relative sensitivities of 81.16% and 81.32% for cow and camel milk, respectively, for their complex PCF design for milk sensing.…”

“…Although the researchers [14] took consideration of fabrication feasibility of incorporating circular holes, however, the sensitivities are low that better results have been obtained by Islam et al [15]. This group of researchers [15] assessed relative sensitivities of 81.16% and 81.32% for cow and camel milk, respectively, for their complex PCF design for milk sensing. Their design has an elaborative core structure of 19 circular holes in a hexagonal lattice and triangular sectors as the cladding air holes.…”

“…From the consideration of these literature [14][15][16], the study introduces a novel and direct PCF sensor design tailored for the detection of cow, camel, and buffalo milk. Operating within the wavelength range of 2.5 to 6.0 μm, this proposed design rigorously assesses key parameters such as effective refractive index, power fraction, relative sensitivity, confinement loss, effective area, numerical aperture, V-parameter, spot size, and beam divergence through meticulous numerical simulations.…”