Wheezing and lung function measured in subjects exposed to various levels of fine particles and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Jędrychowski, Wiesław; Perera, Frederica P.; Whyatt, R M.; Mróz, Elżbieta; Jacek, Ryszard; Penar, A; Spengler, John D.; Camman, David

doi:10.2478/s11536-006-0043-6

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Combined gas and particle PAH concentrations measured in German bars measured were 278.5 ng/m 3 , restaurants 220.6 and dance clubs 392.6 ng/m 325 compared to 1325.1 ng/m 3 in this study. In addition the values reported in this study greatly exceed the PAH concentration of 22.9 ng/m 3 determined by Jedrychowski14 to cause an increase in wheeze and a decrease in lung function in their study population of adults. It is important to highlight that the levels in this study are 1-h averages while the comparison values are at least 8 h averages.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 75%

“…However tobacco smoke is comprised of thousands of constituents including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). PAH exposures have been shown to cause immunological changes,13 and have been associated with wheeze and changes in IQ14 as well as allergic sensitisation 15. The PAH concentrations measured in our study are to our knowledge the first to be reported inside a vehicle with an active cigarette smoker.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 57%

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Particulate mass and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure from secondhand smoke in the back seat of a vehicle

et al. 2012

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Context Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) has been reduced in the USA by banning smoking in public places. These restrictions have not had the same effect on children's exposure to SHS as adults suggesting that children are exposed to SHS in locations not covered by bans, such as private homes and cars. Objectives Assess exposure to SHS in the backseat of a stationary vehicle where a child would sit, quantify exposures to fine particulates (PM2.5), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), carbon monoxide (CO) and nicotine. Estimate the impact on a child's mean daily exposure to PM2.5. Methods SHS exposures in stationary vehicles with two different window configurations were monitored. A volunteer smoked three cigarettes in a one-hour period for twenty-two experiments. PM2.5, CO, nicotine and PAH where measured in the backseat of the vehicle. 16 PAH compounds were measured for in gas and particle phases as well as real-time particle phase concentrations. Results The mean PAH concentration, 1325.1 ng/m 3 , was larger than concentrations measured in bars and restaurants were smoking is banned in many countries. We estimate that a child spending only ten minutes in the car with a smoker at the mean PM2.5 concentration measured in the first window configuration −1697 mg/m 3 -will cause a 30% increase to the daily mean PM2.5 personal average of a child. Conclusions Estimates made using the measured data and previously reported PM2.5 daily mean concentrations for children in California showing that even short exposure periods are capable of creating large exposure to smoke.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 75%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Particulate mass and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure from secondhand smoke in the back seat of a vehicle

et al. 2012

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“…17,18 PAHs have also been associated with lower pulmonary function and wheezing in adults. 19 One study of community-level air pollution compared the average pulmonary function across two communities with different concentrations of ambient air pollutants, including PAHs, 7 but no previous study of individual PAH exposure and pulmonary function in children has been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pulmonary function in children

Padula

Balmes

Eisen

et al. 2014

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Few studies have examined the relationship between ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pulmonary function in children. Major sources include vehicular emissions, home heating, wildland fires, agricultural burning, and power plants. PAHs are an important component of fine particulate matter that has been linked to respiratory health. This cross-sectional study examines the relationship between estimated individual exposures to the sum of PAHs with 4, 5, or 6 rings (PAH456) and pulmonary function tests (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity) in asthmatic and non-asthmatic children. We applied land-use regression to estimate individual exposures to ambient PAHs for averaging periods ranging from 1 week to 1 year. We used linear regression to estimate the relationship between exposure to PAH456 with pre- and postbronchodilator pulmonary function tests in children in Fresno, California (N =297). Among non-asthmatics, there was a statistically significant association between PAH456 during the previous 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year and postbronchodilator FEV1. The magnitude of the association increased with the length of the averaging period ranging from 60 to 110 ml decrease in FEV1 for each 1 ng/m3 increase in PAH456. There were no associations with PAH456 observed among asthmatic children. We identified an association between annual PAHs and chronic pulmonary function in children without asthma. Additional studies are needed to further explore the association between exposure to PAHs and pulmonary function, especially with regard to differential effects between asthmatic and non-asthmatic children.

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“…PAHs and other anthropogenic oxidants are hypothesized to affect the risk for asthma by causing bronchial inflammation and bronchoconstriction (Jedrychowski, et al, 2007). There is evidence to suggest that PAHs act through the immunoglobulin E (IgE) (Tsien, DiazSanchez, Ma and Saxon, 1997) pathway to stimulate inflammatory responses (Nel, Diaz-Sanchez, Ng, Hiura and Saxon, 1998) and enhance allergic inflammation (Lubitz, et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and wheeze in a cohort of children with asthma in Fresno, CA

Gale

Noth

Mann

et al. 2012

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are found widely in the ambient air and result from combustion of various fuels and industrial processes. PAHs have been associated with adverse human health effects such as cognitive development, childhood IQ, and respiratory health. The Fresno Asthmatic Children’s Environment Study (FACES) enrolled 315 children ages 6-11 years with asthma in Fresno, CA and followed the cohort from 2000 to 2008. Subjects were evaluated for asthma symptoms in up to three 14-day panels per year. Detailed ambient pollutant concentrations were collected from a central site and outdoor pollutants were measured at 83 homes for at least one 5-day period. Measurements of particle-bound PAHs were used with land use regression models to estimate individual exposures to PAHs with 4-, 5- or 6-member rings (PAH456) and phenanthrene for the cohort (approximately 22 000 individual daily estimates). We used a cross-validation based algorithm for model fitting and a generalized estimated equation approach to account for repeated measures. Multiple lags and moving averages of PAH exposure were associated with increased wheeze for each of the three types of PAH exposure estimates. The odds ratios for asthmatics exposed to PAHs (ng/m3) ranged from 1.01 (95% CI, 1.00-1.02) to 1.10 (95% CI, 1.04-1.17)]. This trend for increased wheeze persisted among all PAHs measured. Phenanthrene was found to have a higher relative impact on wheeze. These data provide further evidence that PAHs contribute to asthma morbidity.

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Wheezing and lung function measured in subjects exposed to various levels of fine particles and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Cited by 9 publications

References 37 publications

Particulate mass and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure from secondhand smoke in the back seat of a vehicle

Particulate mass and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure from secondhand smoke in the back seat of a vehicle

Ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pulmonary function in children

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and wheeze in a cohort of children with asthma in Fresno, CA

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