When a stereotype dumbfounds: Probing the nature of the surgeon = male belief

Morehouse, Kirsten N.; Kurdi, Benedek; Hakim, Ece; Banaji, Mahzarin R.

doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2022.100044

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Project Implicit is used by many organizations that direct their entire membership to the site for an educational experience, so the demographic characteristics of individuals who are channeled into the research site are diverse. Data from other studies using Project Implicit participants compare well with data collected from a representative sample (Morehouse et al, 2022). However, it is possible that this method for increasing bias acceptance may not generalize to those individuals who do not explicitly endorse egalitarian values, nor to those who reject the idea that Black Americans face discrimination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Eliciting cognitive consistency increases acceptance of implicit bias.

Vitriol,

Banaji

2024

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Resistance to knowledge about implicit bias jeopardizes the ability to learn, understand, and act to outsmart bias. Across three experiments and five independent samples (N > 3,500), conditions that increase cognitive consistency were created alongside control conditions. In Experiment 1, using a race (Black–White) Implicit Association Test (IAT), cognitive consistency was enhanced when participants evaluated the validity and utility of the test before, rather than after, receiving the test result, leading to greater acceptance of bias. In Experiments 2 and 3, participants either evaluated their performance on a Black–White IAT alone or evaluated their performance on a morally innocuous Insect–Flower IAT prior to a Black–White IAT. Again, resistance to evidence of implicit racial bias was reduced in the latter condition, where the imperative for cognitive consistency was heightened. In all three experiments, creating ordinary conditions to heighten cognitive consistency was associated with increased bias awareness and acceptance and, additionally, with support for actions to minimize its consequence–outcomes critical to achieving effective bias education.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Eliciting cognitive consistency increases acceptance of implicit bias.

Vitriol,

Banaji

2024

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

Self Cite

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“…In academic debates, psychologists, linguists, and philosophers point out several benefits and drawbacks of gendered language including binary gender pronouns (for reviews, see Atir, 2022;Saguy & Williams, 2019). To name a few proposed benefits, binary gender pronouns facilitate effective communication (Sanford & Filik, 2007), convey gender identity in shorthand (e.g., "My pronouns are he/him"), and make women visible in male-dominated contexts (e.g., "The surgeon operated on the patient; she was very skilled"; Morehouse et al, 2022). To name a few proposed drawbacks, binary gender pronouns reinforce the idea that gender is binary, exclude gender non-binary individuals, and may promote gender hierarchy that disadvantages women by making gender "omnirelevant" (Bigler & Leaper, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

People’s beliefs about pronouns reflect both the language they speak and their ideologies.

Bailey,

Dembroff,

Wodak

et al. 2024

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Pronouns often convey information about a person's social identity (e.g., gender). Consequently, pronouns have become a focal point in academic and public debates about whether pronouns should be changed to be more inclusive, such as for people whose identities do not fit current pronoun conventions (e.g., gender non-binary individuals). Here, we make an empirical contribution to these debates by investigating which social identities lay speakers think that pronouns should encode and why. Across four studies, participants were asked to evaluate different types of real and hypothetical pronouns, including binary gender pronouns, race pronouns, and identity-neutral pronouns. We sampled participants from two languages with different pronoun systems: English (N = 1,120) and Turkish (N = 260). English pronouns commonly denote binary gender (e.g., he for men), whereas Turkish pronouns are identityneutral (e.g., o for anyone). Participants' reasoning about pronouns reflected both a familiarity preference (i.e., participants preferred the pronoun type used in their language) and-criticallyparticipants' social ideologies. In both language contexts, participants' ideological beliefs that social groups are inherently distinct (essentialism) and should be hierarchal (social dominance orientation) predicted relatively greater endorsement of binary gender pronouns and race pronouns. A preregistered experimental study with an English-speaking sample showed that the relationship between ideology and pronoun endorsement is causal: Ideologies shape attitudes toward pronouns. Together, the present research contributes to linguistic and psychological theories concerning how people reason about language and informs policy-relevant questions about whether and how to implement language changes for social purposes.

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“…In academic debates, psychologists, linguists, and philosophers alike point out several benefits and drawbacks of gendered language, including gender pronouns (for reviews see Atir, 2022;Saguy & Williams, 2019). To name a few argued benefits, gender pronouns facilitate effective communication (Sanford & Filik, 2007), convey gender identity in shorthand (e.g., "My pronouns are he/him"), and make women visible in male-dominated contexts (e.g., "The surgeon operated on the patient; she was very skilled"; Morehouse et al, 2022). To name a few argued drawbacks, gender pronouns often reinforce the notion that gender is binary, exclude gender non-binary individuals, and may make gender "omnirelevant" and promote gender hierarchy (Bigler & Leaper, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

People’s Beliefs About Pronouns Reflect Both the Language They Speak and Their Ideologies

Bailey¹,

Dembroff²,

Wodak³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Across languages, pronouns encode a range of social information, such as the speaker’s age relative to the addressee (e.g., the Hindi pronoun aap) or the referent’s gender (e.g., the English pronoun he). The assumptions underlying certain pronouns are uncontroversial (e.g., people are different ages). Other pronouns, however, pertain to aspects of the social world that are currently being fiercely debated (e.g., whether gender is binary and apparent). While prior research has explored people’s beliefs about social groups and identities, less is known about how people reason about the intersection of identity and language: Which social identities (if any) do lay speakers think that pronouns should encode, and why do they think this? We found that U.S. English-speaking participants (NTotal = 1,120) endorsed gender pronouns more than various other types, including pronouns based on other identities (e.g., age, race) and identity-neutral pronouns (Studies 1–3). In addition, participants’ ideological beliefs about social groups as distinct (essentialism) and hierarchal (social dominance orientation) related to (Study 2; preregistered) and causally influenced (Study 3; preregistered) their endorsement of both gender and race pronouns. The present findings address an underexplored set of lay beliefs about social identities and language. Despite recent calls for greater use of identity-neutral pronouns, English-speaking participants in this sample overwhelmingly endorsed the use of gender pronouns, in part because of their social ideologies.

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When a stereotype dumbfounds: Probing the nature of the surgeon = male belief

Cited by 7 publications

References 60 publications

Eliciting cognitive consistency increases acceptance of implicit bias.

Eliciting cognitive consistency increases acceptance of implicit bias.

People’s beliefs about pronouns reflect both the language they speak and their ideologies.

People’s Beliefs About Pronouns Reflect Both the Language They Speak and Their Ideologies

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When a stereotype dumbfounds: Probing the nature of the surgeon = male belief

Cited by 7 publications

References 60 publications

Eliciting cognitive consistency increases acceptance of implicit bias.

Eliciting cognitive consistency increases acceptance of implicit bias.

People’s beliefs about pronouns reflect both the language they speak and their ideologies.

People’s Beliefs About Pronouns Reflect Both the Language They Speak and Their Ideologies

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Product

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When a stereotype dumbfounds: Probing the nature of the surgeon = male belief